ECONOMICS UNIQUENESS

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282 ■ THE ECONOMICS OF UNIQUENESS 15. Developing methods to build reliable aggregate maps goes beyond the scope of this chapter. Th e process of adding up thematic maps drawn on a set of overlaying sheets, revealing colored-coded areas, was initiated by landscape architect Ian McHarg, who pioneered geographic information analysis before computers were available. Th e process is described in McHarg’s book Design with Nature (1992). 16. Regulating stores in historic district illustrates the question in point. “Th e strictest laws regulating tourist shops are placed on two of Venice’s most famous sites, the Rialto Bridge and San Marco Square. Store licenses from other areas are non-transferable to these two regions. Th is limit does not apply exclusively to tourist shops in these areas, but bars and restaurants as well. If a shop closes in this area, then another is able to move in, but the absolute number of stores in the area is fi xed (870 stores in the district of San Marco).” (Venipedia, the Free Encyclopedia of Venice, Italy; http://Venipedia .org; see retail sales.) 17. In Venice, the masses of tourists brought in by giant cruise ships are known to spend very little time or money in the city, injecting almost no compensation. 18. Macroeconomic leakages are known to be signifi cant when the relevant entity is small. But large countries can face similar issues of keeping heritage economic values from going abroad. Tourism revenue leakages in developing countries are seen when the lodging or transportation activities are managed by international corporations, with very little local economic impact. 19. Th e test-case study was conducted by Kathleen Louw (Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles) in March–April 2009, and coordinated by Yamoussa Fané (Cultural Mission of Djenné). 20. Th e formula used to draw map 9.7G was applied to the same “parcel” base map as the one used in maps 9.7C and 9.7E. Th e formula calculated a weighted average of the fi ve layers, maps 9.7B to 9.7F. An equal weight of 20 percent was given to the following scores: 1 to 2 (map 9.7B), 1 to 4 (map 9.7C), 1 to 2 (map 9.7D), 1 to 2 (map 9.7E), and 1 to 4 (map 9.7F), as the color-coded maps reveal. Th e range of scores was divided into fi ve levels, as indicated on the color-coded map of 9.7G. Th e result was redesigned to fi t a symbolic map similar to the transparent overlay sheets of McHarg’s day. 21. Th is maintenance, called “crépissage,” must be done each year before the rainy season to ensure house stability, and is the full responsibility of each owner. References Abler, R., J. Adams, and P. Gould. 1971. Spatial Organization–Th e Geographer’s View of the World. Englewood Cliff s, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Avrami, E. C. 2004. “Cultural Heritage Conservation and Sustainable Building: Converging Agendas”. Industrial Ecology. Dec. 2004: 11–14. Coccossis, H., and A. Mexa, eds. 2004. Th e Challenge of Tourism Carrying Capacity Assessment, Th eory and Practice. Farnham, UK: Ashgate. Capello, R., and P. Nijkamp, eds. 2004. Urban Dynamics and Growth: Advances in Urban Economics. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Donaire, J. A., and N. Gali. 2008. “Modeling Tourist Itineraries in Heritage Cities, Routes Around the Old District of Girona.” Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural 6.
MAPPING HERITAGE ECONOMICS FOR SPATIAL ANALYSIS ■ 283 Duranton, G. 2008. “Spatial Economics.” In Th e New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd ed., ed. S. N. Durlauf and L. E. Blume. London: Palgrave Fotheringham, A. S., and P. A. Rogerson. 1993. “GIS and Spatial Analytical Problems.” International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 7. Fusco Girard, L., B. Forte, M. Cerreta, P. De Toro, and F. Forte, eds. 2003. Th e Human Sustainable City. Farnham, UK: Ashgate. Greff e, X. 1999. La Gestion du Patrimoine Culturel. Paris: Anthropos. Jamieson, W. 2008. “Th e Use of Indicators in Monitoring: Th e Economic Impact of Cultural Tourism Initiatives.” ICOMOS Canada Bulletin 4 (3). J. Paul Getty Trust. 2000. Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage. Research report. Los Angeles: Th e Getty Conservation Institute. Lichfi eld, N. 1988. Economics in Urban Conservation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mason, R. 1998. “Economics and Heritage Conservation: Concepts, Values, and Agendas for Research.” In Economics and Heritage Conservation, a Meeting Organized by the Getty Conservation Institute. Los Angeles Getty Conservation Institute. Mason, R. 2005. Economics and Historic Preservation: A Guide and Review of the Literature. Washington, DC: Metropolitan Policy Program, Th e Brookings Institution. McHarg, I. L. 1992. Design with Nature. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Monmonier, M. 1996. How to Lie with Maps. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Nijkamp, P., and P. Riganti. 2004. “Valuing Cultural Heritage Benefi ts to Urban and Regional Development.” In ESRA Conference Papers, 44th European Congress of the European Regional Science Association: Regions and Fiscal Federalism, University of Porto, Portugal. Ost, C. 2009. Guide for Heritage Economics: Values, Indicators, Maps, and Policies. Scholar research. Los Angeles: Th e Getty Conservation Institute. Rypkema, D. 2003. Th e Economics of Historic Preservation: A Community Leader’s Guide. Washington, DC: National Trust for Historic Preservation. Rojas, E. 1999. Old Cities, New Assets: Preserving Latin America’s Urban Heritage. Washington DC, Baltimore: Inter-American Development Bank, John Hopkins University Press. Semboloni, F. 2005. Case Study on Siena. Working Paper, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin. Serageldin, I. 1999. Very Special Places: Th e Architecture and Economics of Intervening in Historic Cities. Washington, DC: World Bank. Serageldin, I., E. Shluger, and J. Martin-Brown, eds. 2001. Historic Cities and Sacred Sites, Cultural Roots for Urban Futures. Washington, DC: World Bank. Th rosby, D. 2001. Economics and Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Van Oers, R. 2007. “Towards New International Guidelines for the Conservation of Historic Urban Landscape.” City & Time 3 (3): 34–51. World Bank. 2009. Systems of Cities, Harnessing Urbanization for Growth and Poverty Alleviation. Th e World Bank Urban and Local Government Strategy. Washington, DC: World Bank.
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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Th e Urban Development Series discu
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© 2012 International Bank for Reco
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vi ■ CONTENTS Project Appraisal i
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viii ■ CONTENTS Appendix II: Addi
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x ■ CONTENTS 7.4 Tourism Is Coupl
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xii ■ CONTENTS 9.1 How to Organiz
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Exegi monumentum aere perennius reg
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ■ xvii Cultural O
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xx ■ OVERVIEW What Are the Object
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xxii ■ OVERVIEW and captures the
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xxiv ■ OVERVIEW periphery, especi
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xxvi ■ OVERVIEW tourism—by impr
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xxviii ■ OVERVIEW 3. Institutiona
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1 Livable Historic City Cores and E
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LIVABLE HISTORIC CITY CORES AND ENA
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2 Investing in the Sense of Place:
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INVESTING IN THE SENSE OF PLACE ■
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0 45° INVESTING IN THE SENSE OF PL
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FIGURE 2.4 continued INVESTING IN T
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A Dubious Alternative: Property Rec
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46 ■ THE ECONOMICS OF UNIQUENESS
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TABLE 4.1 Overview of Hedonic Price
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FIGURE 6.5 Quito and Oaxaca: Timeli
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TABLE 6.5 Quito Investments in the
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7 UNESCO World Heritage List, Touri
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UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST, TOURISM
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TABLE 7.1 Regional and Historical D
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TABLE 7.3 Benchmark Regressions Fir
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TABLE 7.10 Robustness to Using Diff
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8 Financial Mechanisms for Historic
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FINANCIAL MECHANISMS FOR HISTORIC C
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BOX 8.2 FINANCIAL MECHANISMS FOR HI
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BOX 8.3 FINANCIAL MECHANISMS FOR HI
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TABLE 8.1 Local Financial Tools Use
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FIGURE 8.4 Brownfi eld Concession T
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Page 317 and 318: Boxes, fi gures, maps, notes, and t
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ECONOMICS UNIQUENESS

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