ECONOMICS UNIQUENESS

282 ■ THE ECONOMICS OF UNIQUENESS
15. Developing methods to build reliable aggregate maps goes beyond the scope of this
chapter. Th e process of adding up thematic maps drawn on a set of overlaying sheets,
revealing colored-coded areas, was initiated by landscape architect Ian McHarg, who
pioneered geographic information analysis before computers were available. Th e process
is described in McHarg’s book Design with Nature (1992).
16. Regulating stores in historic district illustrates the question in point. “Th e strictest laws
regulating tourist shops are placed on two of Venice’s most famous sites, the Rialto
Bridge and San Marco Square. Store licenses from other areas are non-transferable to
these two regions. Th is limit does not apply exclusively to tourist shops in these areas,
but bars and restaurants as well. If a shop closes in this area, then another is able to
move in, but the absolute number of stores in the area is fi xed (870 stores in the district
of San Marco).” (Venipedia, the Free Encyclopedia of Venice, Italy; http://Venipedia
.org; see retail sales.)
17. In Venice, the masses of tourists brought in by giant cruise ships are known to spend
very little time or money in the city, injecting almost no compensation.
18. Macroeconomic leakages are known to be signifi cant when the relevant entity is small.
But large countries can face similar issues of keeping heritage economic values from
going abroad. Tourism revenue leakages in developing countries are seen when the
lodging or transportation activities are managed by international corporations, with
very little local economic impact.
19. Th e test-case study was conducted by Kathleen Louw (Getty Conservation Institute,
Los Angeles) in March–April 2009, and coordinated by Yamoussa Fané (Cultural
Mission of Djenné).
20. Th e formula used to draw map 9.7G was applied to the same “parcel” base map as the
one used in maps 9.7C and 9.7E. Th e formula calculated a weighted average of the fi ve
layers, maps 9.7B to 9.7F. An equal weight of 20 percent was given to the following
scores: 1 to 2 (map 9.7B), 1 to 4 (map 9.7C), 1 to 2 (map 9.7D), 1 to 2 (map 9.7E), and
1 to 4 (map 9.7F), as the color-coded maps reveal. Th e range of scores was divided into
fi ve levels, as indicated on the color-coded map of 9.7G. Th e result was redesigned to
fi t a symbolic map similar to the transparent overlay sheets of McHarg’s day.
21. Th is maintenance, called “crépissage,” must be done each year before the rainy season
to ensure house stability, and is the full responsibility of each owner.
References
Abler, R., J. Adams, and P. Gould. 1971. Spatial Organization–Th e Geographer’s View of the
World. Englewood Cliff s, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Avrami, E. C. 2004. “Cultural Heritage Conservation and Sustainable Building: Converging
Agendas”. Industrial Ecology. Dec. 2004: 11–14.
Coccossis, H., and A. Mexa, eds. 2004. Th e Challenge of Tourism Carrying Capacity Assessment,
Th eory and Practice. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
Capello, R., and P. Nijkamp, eds. 2004. Urban Dynamics and Growth: Advances in Urban
Economics. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Donaire, J. A., and N. Gali. 2008. “Modeling Tourist Itineraries in Heritage Cities, Routes
Around the Old District of Girona.” Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural 6.