ECONOMICS UNIQUENESS

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246 ■ THE ECONOMICS OF UNIQUENESS Introduction “Venice is now becoming a very uncomfortable city, largely because there are so many tourists in the summer. [. . .] In another 20 or 30 years, it will actually be the thinking man’s Disneyland, a millionaires’ playground. But there won’t be any people there; it will just be a museum city.” 1 ( John Julius Norwich, history writer) “When a town is put on the World Heritage List, it means nothing should change. But we want development, more space, new appliances—things that are much more modern. We are angry about all that.” 2 (Abba Maiga, homeowner, speaking about the World Heritage city of Djenné in Mali) Both statements illustrate the intricacy and complexity of the challenges that World Heritage Sites face today. Some historic city cores suff er from excesses of mass tourism, despite the considerable potential for bringing economic returns, or fail to provide sound and balanced economic growth; yet others strive to be included on the United Nations Educational, Scientifi c and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) list of World Heritage Sites. Most local governments lack institutional capacity and/or funds to cope with preservation management activities necessary for upkeep of their heritage assets while simultaneously faced with the array of priority investments needed for social and economic development. Most experts concur that the protection and promotion of cultural heritage assets can be important to spur local economic development. Worldwide, institutions acknowledge today the need for a new urban strategy that includes cultural heritage serving as a platform or even acting as an engine of economic growth and sustainable urban development (World Bank 2009). Th e aim of this chapter is to contribute to the assessment of economic values in historic city core regeneration. 3 Th e focus is on the city, and on mapping its heritage values. “Th e cultural heritage nature of conservation in historic cities [. . .] adds a dimension that standard urban economics is ill-equipped to address. Many of the benefi ts of cultural heritage do not enter markets, or do so only imperfectly” (Serageldin 1999, 24). As a practical tool for spatial analysis, the mapping process of heritage economics aims to provide a common base for the array of specialists and stakeholders participating in the urban conservation process, including local and city administrators, tourism planners and managers, conservation specialists, experts, academics, residents, and local business. Th e mapping tools described in this chapter are intended as instruments and not products for their own sake. Th e use of mapping tools is rather an attempt to improve the understanding of the complexities of historic conservation in city cores, and develop better ways to implement policy measures. Examples with fi ctional and real maps are used to help illustrate the eff ectiveness of the mapping
MAPPING HERITAGE ECONOMICS FOR SPATIAL ANALYSIS ■ 247 process for spatial analysis, applied to diverse situations found in cities of developing countries. Historic Cities Face New Challenges Historic cities are endowed with heritage capital of both cultural and economic values, which if properly harnessed have a potential for promoting economic growth. Th ese cities oft en face the particular fi nancial challenge of preserving their vast array of heritage assets. Most cities seek to promote their patrimony of monuments and sites to be considered by UNESCO for the World Heritage List, in the belief that this may bring international recognition and, with it, prospects for future economic gains. However, social and economic benefi ts that may be derived from heritage are oft en hard to achieve. Confl icting issues may arise between protection rules applied to the heritage and alternative economic opportunities emerging one or two decades aft er the nomination, in particular in times of economic crisis and increased competition between cities. (See box 9.1.) Business cycle and long-wave theory aim to explain how a time-adjusted initiative may succeed in turning into a growth opportunity. It describes alternating periods of higher growth and cyclical downturns. It shows that a competitive context can alternatively be considered as an opportunity or a threat. Historic city cores have developed over the years alongside such long-term economic perspectives. However, not all historic city cores have been successful in harnessing sustained economic growth, let alone social and economic development of the place. Cultural goals and economic welfare must go hand in hand, notwithstanding how propitious the global context. Historic monuments, sites, and city cores have been protected fi rst by national conservation policies and then by international regulations for the last 40 years. Among the diff erent charters, declarations, and memoranda, there is consensus regarding the complexity of historic city core planning and management. Of particular value are the Charter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas (Washington Charter, 1987) and the Declaration on the Conservation of Historic Urban Landscapes (Vienna Memorandum, 2005). Th e Washington Charter stipulates that “in order to be most eff ective, the conservation of historic towns and other historic urban areas should be an integral part of coherent policies of economic and social development and of urban and regional planning at every level.” Initially, conservation expertise tended to cover single buildings, monuments, or sites. Today more emphasis is put on the economic and social impact of conservation projects on the city core as a whole. A concept such as the historic
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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Th e Urban Development Series discu
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© 2012 International Bank for Reco
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vi ■ CONTENTS Project Appraisal i
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viii ■ CONTENTS Appendix II: Addi
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x ■ CONTENTS 7.4 Tourism Is Coupl
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xii ■ CONTENTS 9.1 How to Organiz
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Exegi monumentum aere perennius reg
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ■ xvii Cultural O
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xx ■ OVERVIEW What Are the Object
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xxii ■ OVERVIEW and captures the
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xxiv ■ OVERVIEW periphery, especi
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xxvi ■ OVERVIEW tourism—by impr
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xxviii ■ OVERVIEW 3. Institutiona
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1 Livable Historic City Cores and E
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LIVABLE HISTORIC CITY CORES AND ENA
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2 Investing in the Sense of Place:
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INVESTING IN THE SENSE OF PLACE ■
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0 45° INVESTING IN THE SENSE OF PL
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FIGURE 2.4 continued INVESTING IN T
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A Dubious Alternative: Property Rec
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46 ■ THE ECONOMICS OF UNIQUENESS
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TABLE 4.1 Overview of Hedonic Price
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FIGURE 6.5 Quito and Oaxaca: Timeli
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TABLE 6.5 Quito Investments in the
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7 UNESCO World Heritage List, Touri
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UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST, TOURISM
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TABLE 7.1 Regional and Historical D
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Page 247 and 248: FINANCIAL MECHANISMS FOR HISTORIC C
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Page 317 and 318: Boxes, fi gures, maps, notes, and t
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urban economics appraisal approach,
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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ECONOMICS UNIQUENESS

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