ECONOMICS UNIQUENESS

210 ■ THE ECONOMICS OF UNIQUENESS
13. We subtract tourism receipt from the numerator of Trade.
14. We further test the robustness of our results by using versions of the WHL from different
years.
15. Th e results are available from the authors upon request. Th e Hansen-J test associated
with those regressions indicates that the over identifying restrictions are not valid
when all those instruments are used. In addition, F-tests also indicate that the instruments
are weak.
16. Results discussed in this section but not presented are available from the authors upon
request.
17 Th e total number of observations dropped is less than 5 percent of the total sample.
18. We tested for non-linearities along countries’ population size. We found no such
evidence.
19. Both tails of the distribution of countries’ populations pull the result in a diff erent
direction.
20. One has to be cautious not to exclude small population countries from the regression
sample without considering the population distribution.
21. We use as the instrument for change in Tourism the change in the number of sites
added to the WHL, thus only capturing the “advertising eff ect” as opposed to the
“testimony eff ect.”
References
Acemoglu, D., and V. Guerrieri. 2008. “Capital Deepening and Nonbalanced Economic
Growth.” Journal of Political Economy 116 (3): 467–98.
Acemoglu, D., V. Guerrieri, S. Johnson, and J. Robinson. 2001. “Th e Colonial Origins of
Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation.” American Economic Review
91 (5): 1369–401.
Aitken, B., G. Hanson, and A. E. Harrison. 1997. “Spillovers, Foreign Investment, and
Export Behavior.” Journal of International Economics 43 (1): 103–32.
Alcala, F., and A. Ciccone. 2004. “Trade and Productivity.” Quarterly Journal of Economics
119 (2): 612–45.
Barro, R. J., and J.-W. Lee. 2000. “International Data on Educational Attainment:
Updates and Implications.” CID Working Paper No. 42. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University.
Barro, R. J., and J.-W. Lee. 2005. “IMF Programs: Who Is Chosen and What Are the
Eff ects?” Journal of Monetary Economics 52: 1245–69.
Baumol, W. 1967. “Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth: Th e Anatomy of Urban Crisis.”
American Economic Review 57: 415–26.
Besley, D. A., E. Kuh, and R. E. Welsch. 1980. Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Infl uential
Data and Sources of Collinearity. New York: John Wiley.
Blomstrom, M., and A. Kokko. 1997. “How Foreign Investment Aff ects Host Countries.”
Policy Research Working Paper No. 1745: Washington, DC World Bank.
Borensztein, E., J. De Gregorio, and J.-W. Lee. 1998. “How Does Foreign Direct Investment
Aff ect Economic Growth?” Journal of International Economics 45 (1): 115–35.