ECONOMICS UNIQUENESS

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200 ■ THE <strong>ECONOMICS</strong> OF <strong>UNIQUENESS</strong> BOX 7.4 Tourism Is Coupled with Development of Other Sectors for Economic Diversifi cation Zambia Support for Economic Expansion and Diversifi cation Project (Project number 071407) Total Project Cost: US$28.15 million Total Loan Amount: US$28.15 million Approved: July 2004 – Closed: November 2011 In partnership with the government of Zambia, this project aimed to reduce the vulnerability of the country’s economy to shocks by supporting the diversifi cation of its sources of growth. To counteract Zambia’s dependence on the export of copper (over 70 percent of foreign exchange earnings) the project focused on developing tourism, gemstone production, and agribusiness. The country boasts Victoria Falls (a World Heritage site), rich biodiversity and wildlife areas, more than 42 million hectares of arable land and ample renewable water resources, and the second largest deposit of high-quality emeralds in the world. The project supported improvements in policy and regulatory frameworks, public investments to stimulate private sector activity, and government capacity building to support a diversifi ed and export-oriented economy. Source: Zambia Support for Economic Expansion and Diversifi cation Project Appraisal Document. Appendix I: Data Description and Sources TABLE 7.4 Data Description Database Units Descriptor Code Growth variables World Bank (2008) a PPP constant international U.S. dollars World Bank (2004) b Percentage of total exports of goods and services World Bank (2008) Logarithim of GDP per capita in PPP constant international U.S. dollars in 1980 GDP per capita growth between Growth 1980 to 2002 (natural logarithm difference) Average annual tourism receipts Tourism Initial income Income (continued next page)
UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST, TOURISM, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH ■ 201 TABLE 7.4 continued Database Units Descriptor Code Barro and Lee (2000) Logarithim of fraction of population in 1980 Initial primary school attainment Education Dollar & Kraay (2003) Latitude of capital city Distance to the equator Distance Heston (2006) Ratio of price indices Price of capital goods relative to consumption goods Kprice World Bank (2008) Nominal imports plus exports Real openness, as described by Trade divided by GDP in PPP constant Alcala & Ciccone (2004) international U.S. dollars ICRG (2009) Instruments Index value Average annual law and order index UNESCO (2009) & World Bank (2008) Number of sites per 100,000 inhabitants c Dollar & Kraay (2003) Logarithm of predicted trade share of GDP UNESCO World Heritage Sites Predicted trade, based on a gravity model using population and geography, as described by Frankel & Romer (1999) Institution Unesco lnfrinstex Dollar & Kraay (2003) Fraction of total population Fraction of a country’s population speaking a European language as a mother tongue, as described by Hall & Jones (1999) eurfrac Dollar & Kraay (2003) Fraction of total population Fraction of a country’s population engfrac speaking a English as a mother tongue, as described by Hall & Jones (1999) Dollar & Kraay (2003) Logarithm of mortality rate Colonial settler mortality, as described by Acemoglu, Johnson, & Robinson (2001) lnsetmort CIA (2009) Kilometers Coastline coastal a. For robustness, also calculated using Heston (2006). b. Provides longest consistent time series for tourism. c. For robustness, also calculated per surface area. Source: Authors. TABLE 7.5 Countries Included in the Sample Africa Asia & Pacifi c Europe & North America Latin America & Caribbean Middle East Benin Australia Albania Antigua and Barbuda Algeria Botswana Bangladesh Austria Argentina Bahrain Burkina Faso Bhutan Belgium Belize Egypt, Arab. Rep. Burundi China Bulgaria Bolivia Jordan (continued next page)
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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Th e Urban Development Series discu
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© 2012 International Bank for Reco
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vi ■ CONTENTS Project Appraisal i
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viii ■ CONTENTS Appendix II: Addi
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x ■ CONTENTS 7.4 Tourism Is Coupl
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xii ■ CONTENTS 9.1 How to Organiz
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Exegi monumentum aere perennius reg
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ■ xvii Cultural O
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xx ■ OVERVIEW What Are the Object
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xxii ■ OVERVIEW and captures the
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xxiv ■ OVERVIEW periphery, especi
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xxvi ■ OVERVIEW tourism—by impr
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xxviii ■ OVERVIEW 3. Institutiona
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1 Livable Historic City Cores and E
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LIVABLE HISTORIC CITY CORES AND ENA
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2 Investing in the Sense of Place:
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INVESTING IN THE SENSE OF PLACE ■
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0 45° INVESTING IN THE SENSE OF PL
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FIGURE 2.4 continued INVESTING IN T
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A Dubious Alternative: Property Rec
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46 ■ THE ECONOMICS OF UNIQUENESS
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TABLE 4.1 Overview of Hedonic Price
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Page 196 and 197: FIGURE 6.5 Quito and Oaxaca: Timeli
Page 206 and 207: TABLE 6.5 Quito Investments in the
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Page 217 and 218: UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST, TOURISM
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Page 231: UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST, TOURISM
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Page 245 and 246: 8 Financial Mechanisms for Historic
Page 247 and 248: FINANCIAL MECHANISMS FOR HISTORIC C
Page 253 and 254: BOX 8.2 FINANCIAL MECHANISMS FOR HI
Page 255 and 256: BOX 8.3 FINANCIAL MECHANISMS FOR HI
Page 257 and 258: TABLE 8.1 Local Financial Tools Use
Page 259 and 260: FIGURE 8.4 Brownfi eld Concession T
Page 275: FINANCIAL MECHANISMS FOR HISTORIC C
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Boxes, fi gures, maps, notes, and t
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China. See also specifi c cities ac
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public sector role, 222-26, 223b, 2
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Kraay, A., 198 Kratz, C. G., 96 L l
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Pine Ridge Reservation (U.S.), 238
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Shaoxing, China, local residents re
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urban economics appraisal approach,
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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ECONOMICS UNIQUENESS

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