Exploring patient participation in reducing health-care-related safety risks

Exploring patient participation in reducing health-care-related safety risks
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Table 3 .1 . Association between patients’ characteristics and their intention to ask HCWs
whether they performed hand hygiene
Characteristic
Proportion
(%) of
respondents a
Intend to ask nurses Intend to ask physicians
OR
95% CIb pC Proportion
95% CI
Lower Upper
(%) of
respondents
OR
Lower Upper
Gender
Male 44.1 1.000 – – 41.7 1.000
Female
Age (years)
55.9 0.762 0.370 1.567 0.459 58.3 0.921 0.448 1.892 0.823
16–30 25.4 1.000 28.3 1.000
31–45 33.9 0.667 0.235 1.892 0.446 38.3 0.631 0.211 1.886 0.410
46–60 23.7 0.365 0.126 1.055 0.063 25.0 0.281 0.094 0.842 0.023
61–75 15.3 0.386 0.119 1.251 0.112 8.3 0.114 0.030 0.430 0.001
>75 1.7 1x109 Level of schooling
0.000 – 1.000 0.0 0.000 0.000 – 1.000
Primary 11.3 1.538 0.407 5.815 0.525 10.9 1.062 0.283 3.984 0.928
High school 64.2 1.538 0.661 3.580 0.318 60.0 1.002 0.436 2.302 0.997
University
Profession
24.5 1.000 29.1 1.000
Worker 40.0 0.476 0.040 5.671 0.557 42.3 2.316 0.194 27.590 0.507
Employee 56.0 0.452 0.039 5.256 0.526 55.8 1.933 0.166 22.497 0.599
Medical staff 4.0 1.000 1.9 1.000
Retired
Have
you been
hospitalized
15.3 0.706 0.277 1.799 0.466 10.0 0.326 0.118 0.902 0.031
previously? 81.4 1.112 0.455 2.721 0.816 80.0 0.941 0.386 2.296 0.894
Have you
ever acquired
an HAI? 6.8 1.091 0.260 4.574 0.905 6.7 1.054 0.251 4.417 0.943
Have any of
your relatives
ever acquired
an HAI? 10.2 0.692 0.230 2.078 0.511 6.7 0.338 0.101 1.127 0.077
a100% response rate, except for “Level of schooling” (91.9%) and “Profession” (83.7%).
bConfidence interval.
cProbability. Source: based on data from the multivariate analysis discussed throughout this chapter and Longtin et al. (17).
The main reasons for not intending to ask HCWs whether they performed hand hygiene
(summarized in Table 3.4) were given as trust in HCWs, followed by consideration for
HCW knowledge and feelings of embarrassment or awkwardness about challenging.
Results from the multivariate analysis of factors associated with patients’ intention to
ask their nurses and physicians to perform hand hygiene are summarized in Table 3.5.
Age, the availability of information on HAI and perception of the risk of acquiring
HAI had a direct influence on patients’ intention to ask about hand hygiene. Patients’
intention to ask their nurses about hand hygiene decreased with age, with almost 98%
less intention in the 61–75 age group than the youngest groups. In the group of patients
p