Hindko and Gujari. c - SIL International

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198 Appendix A Methodologies (1) Category 1 a. Contoid (consonant-like) segments which match exactly b. Vowels (vowel-like) segments which match exactly or differ by only one articulatory feature c. Phonetically similar segments (of the sort which frequently are found as allophones) which are seen to correspond in at least three pairs of words Category 2 All other phonetically similar pairs of segments which are not, however, supported by at least three pairs of words Category 3 a. Pairs of segments which are not phonetically similar b. A segment which is matched by no segment in the corresponding item After pairs of items on two word lists had been determined to be phonetically similar or not, according to the criteria stated above, the percentage of items judged similar was calculated. The procedure was repeated for each pair of dialects thought to be similar enough to warrant comparison. Occasionally, one or more of the standard 210 lexical items were found to be so problematic in a particular language that consistent elicitation was impossible or evaluation of similarity became anomalous. In those few cases the problematic lexical items were omitted from the data lists presented in the subsequent appendices, and were excluded from the lexical similarity counts. The pair by pair counting procedure was greatly facilitated by the use of a computer program designed for this purpose: Wimbish, John A. 1989. WORDSURV: A program for analyzing language survey word lists. (Occasional Publications in Academic Computing, 13.) Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics. It should be noted that the word list data and transcribed texts as included in the subsequent appendices are field transcriptions and have not undergone thorough phonological and grammatical analysis.
A.1 Lexical Similarity 199 Consonants A.1.1 Phonetic Chart Labio- Alveop/ Retro- Bilabial dental Dental Palatal flexed Velar Uvular Glottal Stops p t T k q ` b d D g g$ Fricatives P f è x h B v å G Grooved s s7 S7 Fricatives z z7 Z7 Affricates t_s c C7 d_z j J Nasals m n n3 N K Laterals M l L Flaps r R Trills r† Semivowels w y X Vowels Front Central Back High i uú é ä Œ¼ u I I¼ U Mid e oú F eú o E V Low Q Oú à Qú O [t h ] aspiration [iƒ] voicelessness [t w ] labialization [i:] extra lengthening [t y ] palatalization [ië] lengthening [zV'bàn] stress [i] shortening [x½] fronting [Œ‡] rising tone [Œ†] nasalized vowel [ŒŠ] falling tone [i‚] retroflexed vowel [Œ7] falling then rising tone
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SOCIOLINGUISTIC SURVEY OF NORTHERN
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National Institute of Pakistani Stu
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CONTENTS Preface...................
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PREFACE The northern area of Pakist
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MAPS
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xiv Introduction Dardic and Nurista
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xvi Introduction the younger genera
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Acknowledgments for the Series ACKN
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Acknowledgments xxi Acknowledgments
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THE LANGUAGE ENVIRONMENT OF HINDKO-
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4 Calvin R. Rensch The term Hindki
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6 Calvin R. Rensch Reflecting these
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8 Calvin R. Rensch Some added that
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10 4. Western Salt Range (N. Shahpu
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12 Calvin R. Rensch Sherpur, a more
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14 (1.2) Adult Population of Jammun
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16 Calvin R. Rensch (1.4) Adult Pop
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18 Men Age (1.5) Adult Population o
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20 Men Age Calvin R. Rensch (1.6) H
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22 Men Age (1.7) Sampling of Male P
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24 Calvin R. Rensch (2.1) Languages
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26 Calvin R. Rensch visited Abbotta
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28 Calvin R. Rensch language used w
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30 Calvin R. Rensch Patterns of tra
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32 Calvin R. Rensch figure is highe
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34 Calvin R. Rensch residents were
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36 Calvin R. Rensch Fewer responden
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38 Calvin R. Rensch In the home the
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40 Calvin R. Rensch the sentences i
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42 Calvin R. Rensch (3.2) Percentag
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44 Calvin R. Rensch Although the nu
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46 Calvin R. Rensch in Sherpur, at
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48 Calvin R. Rensch to travel outsi
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50 Calvin R. Rensch The percentage
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52 Calvin R. Rensch once lived in t
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54 Calvin R. Rensch Word lists were
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56 Calvin R. Rensch city dialects h
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58 Calvin R. Rensch (4.3) Lexical S
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60 Calvin R. Rensch (4.4) Recorded
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62 Calvin R. Rensch below seventy p
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64 Calvin R. Rensch Respondents in
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66 Calvin R. Rensch Garhi or Balako
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68 Calvin R. Rensch (5.3) Responses
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70 Calvin R. Rensch (5.4b) Response
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72 Calvin R. Rensch to the fact tha
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74 Calvin R. Rensch poetry and perh
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76 Calvin R. Rensch (5.7) Responses
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78 Calvin R. Rensch stable bilingua
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80 Calvin R. Rensch From figure (6.
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82 Calvin R. Rensch (6.4) Percentag
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84 Calvin R. Rensch (6.6) Average R
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86 Calvin R. Rensch (6.8) Attitudes
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88 Calvin R. Rensch of a rather con
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DIALECT VARIATION AND MULTILINGUALI
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Gujari 93 1.2 Language Classificati
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Gujari 95 Ephthalites (or White Hun
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Gujari 97 Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh
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Gujari 99 1.6 Socioeconomic Status
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Gujari 101 help to promote Gujari l
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Gujari 103 CHAPTER 2 DIALECTS OF GU
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Gujari 105 1. Kunar Gujari (Kunar P
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Gujari 107 Three word lists were el
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Gujari 109 2.2.3 Other Linguistic V
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Gujari 111 Figure (1) Lexical simil
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Gujari 113 These indicators include
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Gujari 115 2.2.6 Additional Compari
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Gujari 117 definite lexical evidenc
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Gujari 119 Figure (2) Mean Scores o
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Gujari 121 means for the Western di
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Gujari 123 varieties have not been
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Gujari 125 exposure to Urdu was men
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Gujari 127 is clearly some loss of
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Gujari 129 CHAPTER 3 PROFILES OF TW
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Gujari 131 Age in Years (1) Populat
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Gujari 133 There is electricity in
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Gujari 135 eight. The medium of ins
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Gujari 137 (4) Population of Mittik
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Gujari 139 down to Balakot where th
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Gujari 141 students were enrolled i
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Gujari 143 3.5 Summary In this exam
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Gujari 145 CHAPTER 4 MULTILINGUALIS
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Page 171 and 172: Gujari 149 much more difficult to c
Page 173 and 174: Gujari 151 The significant effect o
Page 175 and 176: Gujari 153 untraveled groups. In an
Page 177 and 178: Gujari 155 (12) Peshmal men: report
Page 179 and 180: Gujari 157 conversation which exten
Page 181 and 182: Gujari 159 (15) Peshmal female subj
Page 183 and 184: Gujari 161 identical, there is no c
Page 185 and 186: Gujari 163 the case that younger me
Page 187 and 188: Gujari 165 (17) Peshmal male subjec
Page 189 and 190: Gujari 167 water; business, jobs, a
Page 191 and 192: Gujari 169 did not exhibit a unifor
Page 193 and 194: Gujari 171 4.3 Multilingualism in M
Page 195 and 196: Gujari 173 Education and Urdu Profi
Page 197 and 198: Gujari 175 4.3.3 Reported Use of Ur
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Page 201 and 202: Gujari 179 sample of fifty-two men
Page 203 and 204: Gujari 181 showing a mean increase
Page 205 and 206: Gujari 183 On the basis of the Hind
Page 207 and 208: Gujari 185 The frequency reports gi
Page 209 and 210: Gujari 187 one to five years educat
Page 211 and 212: Gujari 189 4.4.2 Relative Proficien
Page 213 and 214: Gujari 191 (29) Mittikot men: Hindk
Page 215 and 216: Gujari 193 In comparison with women
Page 217: APPENDICES
Page 222 and 223: 200 Appendix A Methodologies A.1.2
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Page 234 and 235: 212 Appendix B Hindko Survey Data 4
Page 260 and 261: 238 Balakot Story B.2.2 Hindko, Bal
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Page 268 and 269: 246 Peshawar Story B.2.5 Hindko, Pe
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248 Appendix B Hindko Survey Data Q
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250 Appendix B Hindko Survey Data 1
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256 Travel Questions Appendix B.3 H
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APPENDIX C GUJARI SURVEY DATA Appen
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C.1 Gujari Word Lists 261 13. arm 1
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C.1 Gujari Word Lists 263 31. morta
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C.1 Gujari Word Lists 265 49. light
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C.1 Gujari Word Lists 267 67. mango
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C.1 Gujari Word Lists 269 85. fat 8
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C.1 Gujari Word Lists 271 103. woma
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C.1 Gujari Word Lists 273 121. even
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C.1 Gujari Word Lists 275 139. left
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C.1 Gujari Word Lists 277 157. seve
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C.1 Gujari Word Lists 279 175. same
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C.1 Gujari Word Lists 281 190. (you
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C.1 Gujari Word Lists 283 208. we (
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C.2.1 Chitral Gujari Text 285 10. m
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Peshmal Story C.2.2 Swat Gujari, (P
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C.2.2 Swat Gujari Text 289 Question
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C.2.3 Gilgit Gujari Text 291 12. d
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Mittikot Story C.2.4 Kaghan Gujari,
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C.2.4 Kaghan Gujari Text 295 24. jV
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C.2.5 Central Azad Kashmir Gujari T
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REFERENCES FOR HINDKO 303 Addleton,
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References for Gujari 305 Masica, C
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