Hindko and Gujari. c - SIL International

Hindko 25
who report using Urdu with Urdu speakers is linked with some
ability to speak Urdu on the part of many.
Education and travel are factors that can affect one’s ability
to speak languages which predominate outside the home area.
Education has a special effect on proficiency in Urdu, while
travel affects the ability to speak other languages as well.
As can be seen from figure (1.4), 58.6 percent of the men of
Jammun have received some education. More than half the men
who were interviewed concerning language-use practices are
from the 13-29 year age group, and about three-fourths of this
age group have had some education. Therefore, it is to be
expected that their level of Urdu would enable them to
communicate well in Urdu with speakers of that language.
More than half the respondents from Jammun report having
traveled to the following localities:
Rawalpindi, Abbottabad, Haripur (88% each)
Peshawar (68%)
Lahore, Karachi (59% each)
Jammun is situated near the Tarbela Dam and is connected
with the Grand Trunk Road by a paved road. Thus, of the four
localities in Hazara Division in which information was gathered
about travel, it has the best access to the large non-Hindko
speaking cities of Rawalpindi, Lahore and Karachi. Therefore, it
is not surprising that 88 percent of the respondents report having
visited Rawalpindi, with about half of that group having visited it
more than twenty times. However, two-thirds of those who have
visited Rawalpindi have never stayed there for as long as one
week. Thus, for a majority of the respondents the visits to
Rawalpindi have been short even though for many they have
been frequent.
Most of the Jammun respondents also report frequent but
short visits to Haripur and Abbottabad, nearby communities in
Hazara, where there are many Hindko speakers. A high 88
percent have visited Haripur, and the same percentage have