Hindko and Gujari. c - SIL International

24
Calvin R. Rensch
(2.1) Languages Used by Jammun Residents with Speakers of
Other Languages, In Percentages of Respondents (n = 40)
Language
Used by
Respondent
with
Hindko
speakers
with
Pashto
speakers
Hindko 100 30 25
Pashto 40
Urdu 60
Pashto/Hindko 25
Urdu/Hindko 2.5 15
Pashto/Urdu/Hindko 2.5
with
Urdu
speakers
It is significant that all respondents report using only
Hindko in their homes. Although many are no doubt able to
speak Pashto, Urdu and Panjabi to varying extents, they prefer
not to use any of these when speaking with family members or
with others who can speak Hindko.
Forty percent of the respondents report using Pashto with
speakers of Pashto and an additional twenty-five percent report
using Pashto in combination with Hindko. The fact that nearly
two-thirds of the respondents report using at least some Pashto
with speakers of that language suggests considerable use of
Pashto in the community in certain domains (sociolinguistic
environments). It may also indicate considerable proficiency in
Pashto, but this was not verified through Pashto proficiency
testing.
The position of Urdu in Jammun seems to be even stronger
than that of Pashto. Sixty percent report using only Urdu with
speakers of that language, while only 40 percent report using
only Pashto with Pashto speakers. As a corollary to this, only 25
percent report using Hindko with Urdu speakers, whereas 30
percent report using Hindko with Pashto speakers. The results of
Urdu recorded text testing in Jammun (average score of 86
percent for the 37 men tested, with a standard deviation of 13 –
see §3.3) seem to suggest that the high percentage of respondents