Radioactive Waste Disposal at Sea: Public Ideas ... - IMO

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Interest-Based Regime Analysis 103 fiercely support stringent standards and at the same time oppose any hindrances to their own industrialization (memo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark, May 1, 1972, p. 7). Furthermore, it seemed doubtful that the Stockholm conference, with the participation of a considerably larger number of developing countries and Eastern European states, would be able to reach agreement. The Second London Session As the Stockholm conference was rapidly approaching, time became scarce. Once again a session of the IWGMP was called for the purpose of resolving outstanding issues. This session took place in London on May 30 and 31, 1972. The sole working document was the text drawn up at Reykjavik in April. Seventeen states sent delegates; Canada was represented by an observer. 36 No representatives from United Nations or other international organizations were present. The outstanding disagreements were not resolved. However, an agreement on a proposed new text of the black list that listed high-level radioactive wastes was reached. In addition, the precise definition of this waste would be prepared by IAEA. 37 The Stockholm conference was less than two weeks away, and many states wished to postpone the conditions of the proposed convention until after Stockholm. A number of states stressed the importance of awaiting the conclusions of the forthcoming conference before any further meetings were set. Britain announced a plenipotentiary meeting to sign the convention in late summer of 1972. The Stockholm Conference Popular ecology themes from the September 1968 Biosphere Conference, treated in chapter 4, dominated the Stockholm conference’s view of naturesociety relationships. But the large number of participating states from North and South and the attendance of 550 nongovernmental organizations and many individuals representing mass movements and special-interest groups dramatically distinguished this conference from previous UN-sponsored environment conferences. Furthermore, the Stockholm conference’s resolutions and recommendations urged that concrete international machinery for environmental protection be established. Thus, the Stockholm conference was a political conference with “the full rigor of diplomatic protocol” (Hawkes 1972a, p. 736).
104 Chapter 6 The issue of marine pollution control attracted considerable attention at this conference (June 5–12, 1972). According to the British scientific journal Nature, this issue was “every delegation’s favorite cause,” and the chief delegates of Britain and the United States urged action on ocean dumping (“Politics, Bureaucracy and the Environment,” Nature 237 (June 16, 1972), p. 364). The draft convention and general marine pollution principles were dealt with by Committee III (Pollution and Organizational Matters), but the draft convention on ocean dumping was not a subject of any substantial negotiation. It was evident that several countries wanted more time to study the draft, and that no international agreement would be signed into international law. But marine pollution was addressed on a more general level. One principle of the Human Environment Declaration from the conference and eight detailed recommendations of the Stockholm Action Plan dealt specifically with marine pollution. The recommendation on ocean dumping urged immediate action: “Refer the draft articles and annexes contained in the report of the inter-governmental meetings at Reykjavik, Iceland, in April 1972 and in London in May 1972 . . . to a conference of Governments to be convened by the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in consultation with the Secretary-General of the United Nations before November 1972 for further consideration, with a view to opening the proposed convention for signature at a place to be decided by that Conference, preferably before the end of 1972.” (recommendation 86 (d) of the Stockholm Conference Action Plan as approved by the United Nations General Assembly, reprinted on p. 174 of Rowland 1973) Governments clearly felt pressure to demonstrate willingness to act. “For all their differences,” one commentator noted in the New York Times, “114 countries felt it necessary to show concern for the environment. They agreed on a large number of recommendations, such as an end to whaling and the regulation of ocean dumping, that are useful if not binding. They began the creation of new international machinery.” (Lewis 1972) 38 Substantial negotiations would take place at the London Conference. Only a few concrete comments were made on the draft convention when the UN’s Seabed Committee met in Geneva shortly after the Stockholm conference. Nonetheless, developing countries repeated that they were vehemently opposed to global pollution control standards. 39
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© 2001 Massachusetts Institute of
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Series Foreword A new recognition o
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x Preface International Climate and
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1 Introduction In this book I seek
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Introduction 3 aimed to identify ca
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Introduction 5 that I document cont
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Introduction 7 may not fit easily i
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Introduction 9 many regime analysts
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Introduction 11 broad range of nons
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Introduction 13 international organ
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Introduction 15 caught my attention
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Introduction 17 my understanding of
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Introduction 19 prohibition even th
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22 Chapter 2 it enters the body, th
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24 Chapter 2 most important being r
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26 Chapter 2 (McDougal and Burke 19
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28 Chapter 2 mainly disposed of in
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30 Chapter 2 In 1983, in response t
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32 Chapter 2 Table 2.3 Status of lo
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34 Chapter 2 In a world searching f
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36 Chapter 3 War, Machiavelli’s T
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38 Chapter 3 of international organ
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40 Chapter 3 constructed. For examp
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42 Chapter 3 order to pave the way
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44 Chapter 3 It seems quite plausib
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46 Chapter 3 constrained to take ca
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48 Chapter 3 change. For instance,
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50 Chapter 3 involving large number
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9 Explaining Regime Change The Chan
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Explaining Regime Change 155 engage
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Explaining Regime Change 157 adopt
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Explaining Regime Change 159 Yet th
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Explaining Regime Change 161 to tha
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Explaining Regime Change 163 Schola
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Explaining Regime Change 165 First,
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Explaining Regime Change 167 compan
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Explaining Regime Change 169 al. 19
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10 Conclusion Since the 1960s a num
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Conclusion 173 mon, moreover, the U
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Conclusion 175 entrepreneurs, in co
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Conclusion 177 nomic arrangements o
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Conclusion 179 nalized by other soc
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Conclusion 181 It should also be ac
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Conclusion 183 likely to be influen
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Conclusion 185 sidered of paramount
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Looking Back and Looking Ahead Conc
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Conclusion 189 importance of agreei
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Conclusion 191 social and economic
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Conclusion 193 costly and unwise so
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196 Key Events 1993 Results of stud
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198 Notes to pp. 5-18 12. The Conve
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200 Notes to pp. 25-30 13. Informat
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202 Notes to pp. 35-42 2. On policy
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204 Notes to pp. 46-51 31. For exam
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206 Notes to pp. 61-64 4. Barry Com
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208 Notes to pp. 67-74 27. See P. H
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210 Notes to pp. 75-78 10. See also
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212 Notes to pp. 82-83 September 9,
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214 Notes to pp. 90-93 3. For the p
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216 Notes to pp. 97-100 ecological
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218 Notes to pp. 106-115 42. On the
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220 Notes to pp. 122-127 the Pacifi
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222 Notes to pp. 134-135 Draft Envi
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224 Notes to pp. 140-145 36. Hollis
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226 Notes to pp. 150-158 73. See LC
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228 Notes to pp. 165-182 19. “The
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230 Notes to pp. 189-192 24. The LC
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232 References Birnie, Patricia W.,
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234 References Cooper, Richard N. 1
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236 References Finnemore, Martha, a
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238 References Haas, Peter M. 1990a
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240 References Jervis, R. 1976. Per
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242 References LDC. 1983b. Critical
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244 References Miles, Edward L. 198
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246 References Pearson, Charles S.
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248 References Rosenau, James N. 19
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250 References Spiller, Judith, and
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252 References U.S. Senate. 1971. O
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Interviews Cited Aarkrog, Asker, He
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258 Index Environmental nongovernme
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260 Index Oceanic Society, 135 Ocea
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