Radioactive Waste Disposal at Sea: Public Ideas ... - IMO

202 Notes to pp. 35–42
2. On policy entrepreneurs in American politics, see Kingdon 1984 and Polsby 1984.
On policy entrepreneurship by EU officials, see Majone 1996a, especially chapter 4.
3. Middle-range theories are often used in environmental studies, ideational analyses,
and regime analyses. See, e.g., Liefferink 1996, pp. 40–57; Checkel 1997, pp.
3–12; Stokke 1997, pp. 27–63.
4. Major realist works include Carr 1939, Morgenthau 1948, Aron 1966, Waltz
1954, Waltz 1979, and Gilpin 1981. For the recent debate, see Kegley 1995.
5. On interest-based theory and reflective theory, see Keohane 1988. On neorealism
and neoliberalism, see Nye 1988. For the recent debate, see Baldwin 1993. For
the most widely quoted work on collective action problems, see Olson 1965. To
analyze international cooperation, especially how and when public goods might be
provided, interest-based analysis often draws on economists’ studies. For a good
general discussion, see Miller 1997.
6. Modern reflective or liberal theory, like its predecessors “functionalism” and
“neofunctionalism,” stresses domestic society’s impact on international society,
interdependence, and international institutions. Major liberal works include
Deutsch et al. 1957 and E. Haas 1958. For the classic outline of functionalistic international
theory, see Mitrany 1966. E. Haas (1980, 1983, 1990) has extensively
examined the cognitive and philosophical foundation of international cooperation.
For empirical work in this tradition, see Haas et al. 1977.
7. See P. Haas 1990b, p. 348.
8. For comparable cases, see George and McKeown 1985, pp. 21–58.
9. See, e.g., Orren 1990, pp. 22–24.
10. Inattention to the views and influence of mass publics is quite widespread
among international politics scholars, including a number of recent ideational studies
in international politics. For a discussion, see Jacobsen 1995.
11. This definition comes close to how Kingdon (1984, pp. 129–130, 188–193,
214–215) defines policy entrepreneurs. For a promising systematic approach drawing
on both political and economic theory, see Schneider and Teske 1992.
12. On policy windows, see Kingdon 1984, pp. 173–204.
13. On de facto natural coalitions, see Sebenius 1992, pp. 352–353.
14. The seminal article on this metaphor for domestic-international interaction is
Putnam 1988.
15. Furthermore, Kelman (1990, p. 40) notes parenthetically, “the organization of
environmentalists into interest groups generally followed environmental legislation,
rather than preceded it.”
16. See Majone 1989, pp. 35–36.
17. For examples, see Kingdon 1984, p. 189.
18. The terms issue network, policy community, and policy subsystems have been
used to describe informal networks of policy specialists active in setting agendas
and formulating policies. On issue networks, see Heclo 1978, pp. 87–124. On policy
communities, see Kingdon 1984, pp. 122–128. On policy subsystems, see
Sabatier 1988, p. 131.