Radioactive Waste Disposal at Sea: Public Ideas ... - IMO

226 Notes to pp. 150–158
73. See LC/IGPRAD 1993, Annex 2, p. 12.
74. For an analysis of Russia’s implementation of its LC commitments, see Stokke
1998, pp. 475–517.
75. In addition, it seems likely, as U.S. and Danish officials and Greenpeace representatives
pointed out in interviews, that Japan did not want to be out of step with
the rest of the international community on this issue.
76. On the Russian position at the meeting, see Vartanov and Hollister 1997.
77. Source: Schoon 1994. But the British government was unconvinced about the
risk and unattractiveness of radwaste disposal. Hence, the British minister said:
“The scientific evidence shows that dumping at sea, carried out under controlled
conditions, causes no harm to the marine environment and poses no threat to
human health. This has been confirmed by careful monitoring over many years and
studies have shown it to be the best practicable environmental option for the disposal
of certain types of radioactive waste.”
78. “La France signe la convention de Londres sur l’interdiction de l’immersion des
déchets nucléaires,” Le Monde, December 22, 1993.
Chapter 9
1. On two-level games, see Putnam 1988.
2. I thank Edward L. Miles for stressing this point.
3. In their UNITAR report concerned with marine pollution, Schachter and Serwer
(1971, p. 110) wrote: “Action in the area of marine dumping need not, however,
come only through the initiative of international organizations and governments. In
a number of countries, action on pollution problems of the “dangerous practices”
type has been stimulated largely through the initiatives of private citizens and concerned
organizations who have taken pollution problems to court. The effectiveness
of such private actions varies with the situation, but they must be considered
an important mode of action where governments which are responsible for controlling
pollution are participants in practices which may cause pollution. An international
mechanism for handling complaints and grievances from private groups
as well as governments might contribute to the control not only of marine dumping
of wastes but to the control of other dangerous practices as well. Moreover, such
a mechanism might be one form in which problems of international concern could
be adequately discussed from both the technical and legal points of view.”
4. For the rules, see Article 15 (2).
5. In the case of drift net fishing, for example, the United States has backed pressure
with threats of banning import of Japanese marine products, perhaps including
pearls, a major import product (Weisman 1991).
6. For instance, according to Robert A. Nisbet, cooperation is “joint or collaborative
behavior that is directed toward some goal and in which there is common interest
or hope of reward” (International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (Library
of Congress, 1968), volume 3, p. 385).