Radioactive Waste Disposal at Sea: Public Ideas ... - IMO

Notes to pp. 52–61 205
49. See Russett and Sullivan 1971, pp. 853–854.
50. The literature on how perception and misperception at the level of individuals
and groups influence foreign policy making is not included in the reflective group.
See, e.g., Jervis 1976; Steinbruner 1974.
51. More recently, E. Haas (1990, p. 12) has concluded that “when knowledge
becomes consensual, we ought to expect politicians to use it in helping them define
their interests.”
52. P. Haas (1990b, p. 349) claims that environmental regime formation is not
dependent upon states, even prominent ones, providing leadership.
53. For an example of how ideological differences among decision makers matter,
see Odell 1982, p. 358.
54. See, e.g., Ruggie 1983, pp. 195–231.
55. See also Haggard and Simmons 1987, pp. 509–513.
56. E. Haas (1990, p. 42) concludes that “the success of an epistemic community
thus depends on two features: (1) the claim to truth being advanced must be more
persuasive to the dominant political decision makers than some other claim, and (2)
a successful alliance must be made with the dominant political coalition. . . . Epistemic
communities seek to monopolize access to strategic decision-making positions.”
57. It seems beyond doubt that Cousteau framed this regional environmental problem
and attracted attention to it. In the words of the first editor of the scientific journal
Marine Pollution Bulletin: “Twenty years ago, the Mediterranean had a
thoroughly bad reputation for its polluted waters. Jacques Cousteau could say that
the Mediterranean was 90% dead and, whatever that might have meant, it highlighted
an undoubtedly serious state of affairs. . . . In these circumstances, the
Mediterranean was an obvious target for attention by the United Nations
Environmental Programme under its Regional Seas Programme.” (Clark 1989b,
pp. 369–370)
58. On the international political impact of the 1967 Torrey Canyon oil spill
between France and Britain, see M’Gonigle and Zacher 1979, pp. 143–147. On the
impact of the discovery of a seasonally depleted ozone layer over Antarctica, see
Litfin 1994. On the impact of Chernobyl on regulatory approaches, see Liberatore
1999.
Chapter 4
1. For a brief account of the asbestos case, see Sapolsky 1990, pp. 83–96. For a
critical account of government regulation of the insecticide DDT, see Wildavsky
1997, pp. 55–80.
2. For a study of nuclear fears over time, see Weart 1988.
3. For an early article on the pollution of Lake Erie, see Powers and Robertson 1966.
According to Hasler and Ingersoll (1968, p. 153), “it took the visual (and olfactory)
impact of a huge body of water, Lake Erie, suffocating as a sump for industrial waste,
sewage, and urban and rural runoff to bring the problem of water pollution dramatically
to the public eye,” and “some now pronounce Lake Erie ‘dead.’”