Radioactive Waste Disposal at Sea: Public Ideas ... - IMO

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Summary History 33 In 1972, states reached the first agreement on a global environmental regime regulating ocean disposal of low-level radioactive waste and prohibiting the dumping of high-level radioactive waste into the world’s oceans. This global environmental regime has functioned as intended. It has been an active international forum for policy coordination, and a significant policy shift—the 1993 radwaste disposal ban—has been adopted. International environmental agreements and conventions often fall short of expectations. 41 Nevertheless, international policy coordination and cooperation has taken place in this issue area. Thus, the London Convention is “widely regarded as one of the more successful regulatory treaties” (Birnie and Boyle 1992, p. 321). Membership in the global dumping regime has been rising since 1972. By 1984, 56 governments had become members of the regime. 42 By 2000, the number had increased to 78. 43 Governments that had been involved in radwaste disposal as well as governments opposing this practice have become members of this environmental regime. It thus represents a significant departure from individual states’ uncontrolled dumping in the past. Today the global dumping regime is the forum where states debate their dumping policies and attempt to reach agreement on international controls. And although a considerable number of regimes exist in the field of marine pollution prevention, this regime is generally considered one of the most prominent in its field. One U.S. EPA official said in 1988: “Although in the past decade the London Convention has been supplemented by several regional marine protection agreements to address the particular needs of such areas as the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, and the South Pacific, it is still generally recognized as the standard against which all disposal operations must be measured.” (Sielen 1988, pp. 4–5) Until 1972, marine environmental concern had been limited to oil pollution. Unlike the London Convention, earlier conventions on nuclear ships and nuclear damages treated certain activities as dangerous, not as specifically environmental problems. 44 Another noteworthy and important characteristic is that the global ocean dumping regime regulates intentional, as opposed to accidental and unintentional, disposal of waste into the ocean. Thus, the regime considers ocean dumping a conscious decision to change a given environmental medium for perceived social benefits.
34 Chapter 2 In a world searching for policy responses to global environmental problems such as global warming and ozone depletion, the global ocean dumping regime—one of the first global environmental institutions addressing problems of marine pollution—is a significant case. Our knowledge of global cooperation on environmental protection is still limited, and only a few studies have examined how global environmental regimes are built and changed. This case offers a window on the global politics of regime formation and regime dynamics. It can therefore offer theoretical as well as practical insight into global cooperation on environmental protection.
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Page 8: Series Foreword A new recognition o
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Looking Back and Looking Ahead Conc
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196 Key Events 1993 Results of stud
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238 References Haas, Peter M. 1990a
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240 References Jervis, R. 1976. Per
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242 References LDC. 1983b. Critical
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250 References Spiller, Judith, and
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252 References U.S. Senate. 1971. O
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Interviews Cited Aarkrog, Asker, He
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258 Index Environmental nongovernme
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260 Index Oceanic Society, 135 Ocea
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