Radioactive Waste Disposal at Sea: Public Ideas ... - IMO

206 Notes to pp. 61–64
4. Barry Commoner devoted a chapter of The Closing Circle (1971) to the subject.
For a rejection of Commoner’s view, see Maddox 1972. For denials of the poor condition
of Lake Erie, see Grayson and Shepard 1973. Since 1972, according to mass
media reports, the state of the Great Lakes seemed to be improving. See Goth 1974
and Tunley 1974.
5. For Nixon’s State of the Union message, see Congressional Quarterly: Weekly
Report, January 23, 1970, pp. 245–248. See also “Nixon’s Spirit of ’76,”
Newsweek, February 2, 1970; “Pollution: The Battle Plan,” Newsweek, February
23, 1970.
6. Senator Henry Jackson had proposed a permanent three-member White House
Council on Environmental Quality. It was established by a law which originated in
legislation introduced by Representative John Dingell, chairman of the House
Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation. For a brief discussion of environmentalism
among American presidents, see Nobile and Deedy 1972, pp.
xiii–xvii.
7. According to Moore (1990, p. 67) and Marcus (1980, p. 287), Nixon saw the
environment issue as “phony” and “faddish.”
8. For Nixon’s message to Congress on pollution of the Great Lakes, see “Great
Lakes Pollution,” Congressional Quarterly: Weekly Report, April 17, 1970, pp.
1050–1051.
9. “Don’t Go Near the Water,” Newsweek, October 19, 1970. A few months later,
Newsweek listed as America’s ten “filthiest” rivers the Ohio, the Houston Ship
Channel, the Cuyahoga, the Rouge, the Buffalo, the Passaic, the Arthur Kill, the
Merrimack, the Androscoggin, and the Escambia (“From Sea to Shining Sea,”
January 26, 1970).
10. Gordon J. F. MacDonald, “Statement,” in U.S. Senate, Ocean Waste Disposal:
March 2, 3; April 15, 21, 22, and 28, 1971 (92nd Congress, 1st Session), p. 153
11. See, e.g., John D. Parkhurst, “Statement,” in U.S. Senate, Ocean Waste
Disposal: March 2, 3; April 15, 21, 22, and 28, 1971 (92nd Congress, 1st Session),
1971, p. 124.
12. For the brief mention in the House, see Congressional Record: House,
September 8, 1971, p. 30863.
13. “International Aspects of the 1971 Environmental Program: Message from
President Nixon to the Congress,” Department of State Bulletin, March 1, 1971, p.
254.
14. Ibid., p. 255. The CEQ’s recommendation with respect to international cooperation
(CEQ 1970, p. v) said: “Finally, this report recognizes the international character
of ocean dumping. Unilateral action by the United States can deal with only a
part-although an important part-of the problem. Effective international action will
be necessary if damage to the marine environment from ocean dumping is to be
averted.”
15. “Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972,” section 109;
quoted from Senate Report no. 451, Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries
Act of 1972 (92nd Congress, 1st session) (1971), p. 4272.