Radioactive Waste Disposal at Sea: Public Ideas ... - IMO

198 Notes to pp. 5–18
12. The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes
and Other Matter, signed in London on November 13, 1972, took effect on August
30, 1975 (ILM 11 (November 1972): 1291–1314). In 1992, governments decided
to change the name by which this convention was generally known from “London
Dumping Convention” to “London Convention,” fearing that the convention otherwise
could be understood as sanctioning ocean dumping.
13. “Nuclear Dumping Ban Voted,” Washington Post, November 13, 1993. This
statement reflects the view of the majority of governments.
14. For a discussion see Sabatier 1991, p. 149.
15. See, e.g., Hasenclever et al. 1997.
16. On reflectivism, see Keohane 1988. On cognitivists, see Haggard and Simmons
1987, pp. 509–513. For an influential contribution to constructivism, see Wendt
1992. Constructivism may be subdivided into individual schools of thought. For
instance, Katzenstein et al. (1998) distinguish conventional, critical, and postmodern
constructivism.
17. See Miles 1987, pp. 37–53; Spiller and Hayden 1988.
18. On the influence of ideas on international cooperation in public health, see
Cooper 1989. On the influence of ideas on macro-economic policy, see Hall 1989a.
On the influence of ideas on monetary policy, see Odell 1982. On the influence of
ideas on trade policy, see Goldstein 1993. On the influence of ideas on development
strategies, see Sikkink 1991. On the influence of ideas on human rights policies, see
Sikkink 1993. On the influence of ideas on military strategy, see Mueller 1993. On
the influence of ideas on foreign policy, see Risse-Kappen 1994. On the influence of
ideas on international political change, see Checkel 1997. On the role of ideas in the
EU integration process, see Risse-Kappen 1996.
19. The need to examine interactions among policy elites, ideas, and society more
broadly is underlined in Jacobsen 1995. See also Checkel 1997, p. 131.
20. On ideational causation, see Ruggie 1998a, pp. 16–22.
21. For focusing events, see Kingdon 1984, pp. 99–105.
22. It is often necessary to discover possibilities for joint gains; they do not simply
“exist.” See, e.g., Sebenius 1992. See also Scharpf 1997, pp. 120–121.
23. For alternative definitions of public diplomacy, see Kremenyuk 1991, p. 24;
Fortner 1994, pp. 34–35; Dobrynin 1995, pp. 532–535.
24. On process tracing and thick description, see King et al. 1994, pp. 36–41 and
226–228. On process tracing in studies of the policy effects of ideas, see Yee 1996,
pp. 76–78.
25. My analysis draws heavily on Ringius 1997.
26. See also Tannenwald 1999.
27. For an analysis of the recent regime change in the Baltic Sea area, see Ringius
1996, pp. 23–38.