Radioactive Waste Disposal at Sea: Public Ideas ... - IMO

Notes to pp. 116–122 219
9. The lecturers included Thor Heyerdahl, Sir Solly Zuckerman, Aurelio Peccei
(cofounder of the Club of Rome), Georges Bananescu, Gunnar Myrdal, Barbara
Ward, and René Dubos.
10. Note, however, that using “sticks and carrots” alone should not be considered
genuine leadership: some minimum of shared values, interests, and beliefs must be
present within a group of states. See, e.g., Underdal 1994, p. 179.
11. Majone (1985, p. 52) makes a similar observation in his discussion of the “pull”
effects of lead countries.
12. Similarly, economists doubt that unilaterally going first and setting a good
example for others to follow is a viable and effective way to reach agreement. See,
e.g., Barrett 1993, pp. 459–460.
13. This hypothesis is strong in the sense that it states necessary or sufficient conditions
so one single contrary case is sufficient to falsify the hypothesized relationships.
See Young and Osherenko 1993a, p. ix. See also Underdal 1994, p. 192.
14. Garrett and Weingast suggest that the principle of mutual recognition (that
goods and services that may legally be sold in one country should have unrestricted
access to other markets within the EC) functioned as a shared belief and as such
facilitated cooperation among governments.
15. On the shortcomings of interest-based analysis of leaders and entrepreneurs,
see Malnes 1995.
16. No single, generally accepted, comprehensive theory of domestic politics exists
today to explain international cooperation. For a rather recent overview of the dominant
approaches, see Milner 1992, pp. 488–495.
17. According to the broad interpretation of the notion of egoism in interest-based
regime theory, policy entrepreneurs promoting their own values and shaping public
policy should be understood as egoists. For Oran Young’s interpretation of selfinterest,
see Young 1991, pp. 293–297. On farsighted and myopic egoism, see
Keohane 1984, pp. 110, 122.
18. Nelson’s article “We’re Making a Cesspool of the Sea,” originally published in
the magazine National Wildlife, is reprinted on pp. 30978–30979 of Congressional
Record: Senate, September 9, 1970.
19. In the 1980s and the early 1990s, a few marine scientists opposed to the trend
toward all-out protection of the oceans occasionally tried to reach out to public
opinion through the New York Times and other publications with a wide circulation.
(See Charles Osterberg, “Seas: To Waste or Not,” New York Times, August 9,
1981; Michael A. Champ, “The Ocean and Waste Disposal,” The World and I 5,
April 1990.) The need for marine scientists to participate more intensely in policy
relevant dialogue about marine pollution issues with the public and decision makers
is stressed in Walsh 1982.
20. One illustration of how the “the dying oceans” idea simplified a much more
complex reality is Sen. Hollings’s opening statement to the second session of the
International Conference on Ocean Pollution: “As we meet, the destruction of the
oceans continues. Not only does it continue-it accelerates . . . [experts] know full
well that the Mediterranean has a death sentence hanging over it. That the Atlantic,