history of mathematics - National STEM Centre

Descartes
The next two sections consist of translations of a number of passages from Book I.
In these translations the paragraphs are numbered 1 to 11.
Introduction of units
The first passage is the beginning of Book I.
The geometry of Rene Descartes
Book I
Problems the construction of which requires only straight lines and circles
1 Any problem in geometry can easily be reduced to such terms that a
knowledge of the lengths of certain straight lines is sufficient for its
construction. Just as arithmetic consists of only four or five operations,
namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and the extraction of
roots, which may be considered a kind of division, so in geometry, to find
required lines it is merely necessary to add or subtract other lines;
Descartes comes straight to the point and introduces a close relationship between
geometry and arithmetic.
Activity 6.6 Reflecting on Descartes, 1
Figure 6.9
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1 According to Descartes, what are the basic variables that can be used to describe
all geometric problems?
Descartes continues.
2 ... or else, taking one line which I shall call unity in order to relate it as
closely as possible to numbers, and which can in general be chosen
arbitrarily, and having given two other lines, to find a fourth line which
shall be to one of the given lines as the other is to unity (which is the same
as multiplication); or, again, to find a fourth line which is to one of the given
lines as unity is to the other (which is equivalent to division); or, finally, to
find one, two, or several mean proportionals between unity and some other
line (which is the same as extracting the square root, cube root, etc., of the
given line). And I shall not hesitate to introduce these arithmetical terms
into geometry, for the sake of greater clearness.
Descartes immediately comes forward with a powerful idea: the introduction of a
line segment, chosen arbitrarily, that he calls a unit. He uses this unit, for example,
in the construction of mean proportionals.
In Activity 3.3 you were introduced to the problem of the mean proportional. Let a
and b be two line segments. Determine the line segment x such that a: x = x: b.
Euclid solved this problem using a right-angled triangle. The hypotenuse of the
right-angled triangle is a + b\ the perpendicular to the hypotenuse, shown in