OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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5.9 The Shingwedzi sub-catchment ............................................................................................. 297 5.10 The Timbavati - Klaserie sub-catchment .............................................................................. 300 5.11 The Lower Olifants (Mozambique) sub-catchment ............................................................... 303 5.12 Summary of impacts of mining operations on water resources and water quality in the Olifants basin.......................................................................................................................... 305 6. CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................................ 307 6.1 Extent and significance of impacts in the three river basins ................................................ 307 6.1.1 Acid mine drainage impacts ....................................................................................... 307 6.1.2 Impacts due to the release of potentially toxic metals .............................................. 309 6.1.3 Impacts due to the release of potentially toxic substances ...................................... 310 6.1.4 Salinity (total dissolved solids) impacts ..................................................................... 311 6.1.5 Suspended solids impacts.......................................................................................... 311 6.1.6 Impacts on patterns of water supply and demand.................................................... 312 6.1.7 Impacts caused by small-scale (artisan) mining ....................................................... 313 6.1.8 "Peripheral" or indirect impacts linked to mining ....................................................... 314 6.2 Current management approaches to prevent, minimize and abate impacts caused by mining operations.................................................................................... 315 6.2.1 Improved and harmonized legislation........................................................................ 315 6.2.2 Improved stakeholder participation in decision-making............................................ 316 6.2.3 Collaborative, industry-wide initiatives....................................................................... 316 6.2.4 Use of specific technologies for effluent treatment ................................................... 317 6.2.5 Environmental management systems ....................................................................... 317 7. RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................................... 318 8. REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................. 321 x
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Comparison of surface runoff versus average annual rainfall for African countries 13 Figure 1.2: Diagrammatic maps comparing (A) the distribution of larger perennial rivers and lakes in Africa, with (B) the locations of actual or potential water-related conflicts....... 13 Figure 1.3: A comparison of the likely outcomes of societies with different levels of social adaptive capacity having to deal with two levels of water abundance per capita 15 Figure 1.4: Sketch map of southern Africa, showing the twelve mainland African countries of the Southern African development Community (SADC, shaded) and the location and extent of the Zambezi, Limpopo and Olifants basins ........................................... 20 Figure 3.1: Sketch map showing the distribution of mean annual rainfall over the Zambezi basin, plus major rivers and lakes..................................................................................... 68 Figure 3.2: Map of Zimbabwe, showing hydrological zones, major rivers and positions of the Zambezi and Limpopo catchments........................................................................ 72 Figure 3.3: Map of Zimbabwe, showing positions and numbering of water quality sampling sites operated by ZINWA ................................................................................................ 73 Figure 3.4: Sketch map of the Zambezi basin, showing major rivers, lakes and sub-catchments, plus the locations and types of important mining operations ................................ 75 Figure 3.5: Map of Zimbabwe, showing distribution of different land use types ..................... 76 Figure 3.6: Map of Zimbabwe, showing distribution and extent of different geological units . 77 Figure 3.7: Map of Zimbabwe, showing locations of precious metal mine.............................. 78 Figure 3.8: Map of Zimbabwe, showing locations of mines for ferrous metals and ferralloy metals ................................................................................................................................. 79 Figure 3.9: Map of Zimbabwe, showing locations of non-ferrous metal mines....................... 80 Figure 3.10: Map of Zimbabwe, showing locations of mines for industrial minerals............... 81 xi
Page 1 and 2: AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
Page 3 and 4: AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
Page 5 and 6: exploited, the size of the facility
Page 7 and 8: 2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
Page 9: 4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
Page 13 and 14: Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
Page 15 and 16: Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
Page 17 and 18: Table 4.22: Mining operations in th
Page 19 and 20: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
Page 21 and 22: 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
Page 23 and 24: Box 1.2). Each research team is req
Page 25 and 26: The MRC cannot be held responsible
Page 27 and 28: of amenity or deterioration in wate
Page 29 and 30: Typically, river flows in the count
Page 31 and 32: In simple terms, all of the propone
Page 33 and 34: shared by more than one country, es
Page 35 and 36: most appropriate technical or inves
Page 37 and 38: CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
Page 39 and 40: 1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
Page 41 and 42: 1997). In future studies, more atte
Page 43 and 44: Section 5 briefly reviews the water
Page 45 and 46: Mining methods vary widely and depe
Page 47 and 48: Removal and storage of ores and was
Page 49 and 50: These effects are usually ameliorat
Page 51 and 52: Water quality changes are widely co
Page 53 and 54: these substances are often mobilize
Page 55 and 56: The acidification of the water has
Page 57 and 58: and kinetic stability of the comple
Page 59 and 60: This process is carefully balanced
Page 61 and 62:
neutralize each other - this situat
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(Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
Page 65 and 66:
Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
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Draft Environmental Management Bill
Page 69 and 70:
siting of works plan for approval t
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The draft policy encourages develop
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provides a definition but one which
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2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
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Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
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Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
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of Natural Resources and the South
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3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
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Air temperatures across the Zambezi
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or fuelwood production. Similar pat
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Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
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3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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The Botswana segment of this area f
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3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
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3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
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3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
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3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
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3.7.2 Mining and mineral processing
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3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
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3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
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Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
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3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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• Increased quantities of suspend
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Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
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3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
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The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
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Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
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along the major roads between Chiru
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3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
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Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
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Small intrusions of Greenstone form
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Several stretches of streams and ri
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3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
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3.18.6 Implications for water quali
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3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
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3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
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Table 3.21: Mining operations in th
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The only settlements of any size ar
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3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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• Non-point impact from minefield
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This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
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The catchment falls mainly under th
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The two lone water quality data poi
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• Non-point domestic effluent, ru
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Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
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3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
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3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
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Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
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Sanyati, all may well contribute or
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3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
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This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
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3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
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3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
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Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
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The major settlements are the metro
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Page 193 and 194:
• Urban run off, urban areas of C
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3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
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3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
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The catchment falls under the Harar
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3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
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widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
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3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
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4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
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Mountains. Most of the basin consis
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the City of Pretoria and the northe
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continues to flow in the deeper all
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Each basin state maintains its own
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Land use in the upper parts of the
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the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
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None obtainable in time for this re
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4.4.2 Mining and mineral processing
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In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
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Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
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4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
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There is exploration for diamonds (
Page 239 and 240:
There is exploration, mainly for di
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
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4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
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• Major non-point impact of agric
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Several thermal springs are located
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• Disposal of large volumes of li
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D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
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Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Most of the clayey loam soils in th
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4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
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4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
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4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
Page 269 and 270:
Water quality data for three sites
Page 271 and 272:
supplies in the sub-catchment, the
Page 273 and 274:
4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
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• Minor non-point impact from non
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4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
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4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
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5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
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Soil formations across the Olifants
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indices of per capita agricultural
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professional capacity within the me
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• Dark grey to blackish, mottled
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5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
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Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
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The following mining operations are
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5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
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5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
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K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
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local geological formations. High c
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The South African Department of Wat
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pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
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Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
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No information is available on the
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In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
Page 319 and 320:
The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
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m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
Page 323 and 324:
In the south-west of the sub-catchm
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• Minor non-point impact of agric
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(Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
Page 329 and 330:
5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
Page 331 and 332:
y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
Page 339 and 340:
• Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
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• Decreased light penetration to
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6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
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Worldwide, the general public has e
Page 347 and 348:
2. That copies of this report shoul
Page 349 and 350:
Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
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CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
Page 353 and 354:
Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
Page 355 and 356:
Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
Page 357 and 358:
Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
Page 359 and 360:
Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
Page 361 and 362:
World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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