OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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Viljoen, P., J.L.J. van der Westhuizen & A.H.M. Görgens (1998). National Water Act 1998: Institutions for resource planning and catchment management WISA 98 Papers 1, 1B-5 Halfway House: Water Institute of Southern Africa. Vorster, H. (1997). Changing dynamics of SA gold mining industry; Environmental impact assessment for proposed supply of coal to Majuba Power Station. Mining Mirror, 10(4): 25- 31. Vorster, H. (1999). Environmental impact assessment for Gope Botswana mine. Mining Mirror, 11(9): 4-5. Weaver, A.v.B. & P. Caldwell (1999). Environmental impact assessment for mining projects. In: (J. Petts, Ed.), Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment: Volume 2: Environmental Impact Assessment in Practice: Impact and Limitations. Blackwell Science, Oxford, United Kingdom. pp 377-403. Weinert, H.H. (1964). Basic Igneous Rocks in Road Foundations. CSIR Research Report No. 218, Soil Mechanics Division, National Institute for Roads Research, CSIR, Pretoria. 47pp. Wells, J.D., Van Meurs, L.H. & M.A. Rabie (1992). Terrestrial Minerals. In: (Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie, Eds), Environmental Management in South Africa. Juta and Co., Johannesburg. Whiteside, A. & C. Sunter (2000). AIDS: The Challenge for South Africa. Human & Rousseau, Tafelberg. South Africa. 179 pp. Whitton, B.A. & B.M. Diaz (1981). Influence of environmental factors on photosynthetic species composition in highly acidic waters. Proceedings of the Biennial Conference of the International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, (Stuttgart), 21(3): 1459-1465. Wiles, J.W. (1961). The geology of the Miami Mica Field (Urungwe District) Zimbabwe Geological Survey Bulletin 51. Wilson, M.G.C. & C.R. Anhaeusser (Eds) (1998). The Mineral Resources of South Africa, Sixth Edition. Handbook No. 16, Council for Geoscience, Pretoria. 740 pp. Woessner, W.W. & C.B. Andrews (1979). The impacts of coal strip mining on the hydrogeologic system of the Northern Great Plains: Case study of potential impacts on the Northern Cheyenne Reservation. Journal of Hydrology, 43(1-4): 445-467. Wolf, A.T. (1999). Criteria for equitable allocations: the heart of international water conflict. Natural Resources Forum, 23(1999): 3-30. Wood, A. (1989). Wetlands in the amelioration of acid mine drainage. South African Mining World, 8(5): 37-41. World Bank (1992). World Development Report, 1992: Development and the Environment. Oxford University Press, New York. ccclx
World Bank (1998). World Development Indicators – 1998. Development Data Centre, The World Bank, Washington. Also available at website: (http://www.worldbank.org/wdi). World Commission on Environment and Development (1987), Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, Oxford. WRI (2001). World Resources 2000-2001. World Resources Institute Country Profiles and Data Tables, [Online]. Accessed on 12 June 2001. Available at website: (http://www.wri.org/wr2000/). Wright, E.A. (1993). Environmental cost considerations in planning and operating small mines. Canadian Mining Journal, 35(3): 30-33. Younger, P.L. (1997). The longevity of minewater pollution: a basis for decision-making. The Science of the Total Environment, 194(1-6): 457-466. Zafifiou, O.C. B.M. Voelker (1997). Effect of superoxide on copper and iron speciation in marine systems Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Grant/Contract Summary OCE-9529448. Zaranyika, M.F. (1997). Sources and levels of pollution along the Mukuvisi River: a review in Moyo, NAG, Ed, Lake Chivero: a Polluted Lake Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications. ZCCM (Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines) (1982). A Review of Factors Relevant to the Reported Incidence of Cattle Losses on Farms Bordering the Mwambashi River. Mining Industry Technical Services, Pollution Control Department. Report No. MITS/PA/30/82. ZGS (Zimbabwe Geological Survey) (1988a). Map of Base Metal and Industrial Mineral Deposits, Zimbabwe Harare: ZGS. ZGS (Zimbabwe Geological Survey) (1988b). Map of Gold Deposits, Zimbabwe Harare: ZGS. ZGS (Zimbabwe Geological Survey) (1995). Zimbabwe Mining Districts Map Harare: ZGS. ZGS (Zimbabwe Geological Survey) (1999). Geological Map of Zimbabwe 7 th Edition, Harare: ZGS. ZGS (Zimbabwe Geological Survey) (2001). Map of Current Exclusive Prospecting Areas, Zimbabwe Harare: ZGS. ZSG (Zimbabwe Surveyor General) (1984). Map of Zimbabwe Hydrological Zones, 3 rd Edition. ZGS, Harare, Zimbabwe. ZSG (Zimbabwe Surveyor General) (1997). Natural Regions and Provisional Farming Areas Map. ZSG, Harare, Zimbabwe. ccclxi
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
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of amenity or deterioration in wate
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Typically, river flows in the count
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In simple terms, all of the propone
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shared by more than one country, es
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most appropriate technical or inves
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CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
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1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
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1997). In future studies, more atte
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Section 5 briefly reviews the water
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Mining methods vary widely and depe
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Removal and storage of ores and was
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These effects are usually ameliorat
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Water quality changes are widely co
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these substances are often mobilize
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The acidification of the water has
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and kinetic stability of the comple
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This process is carefully balanced
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neutralize each other - this situat
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(Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
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Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
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Draft Environmental Management Bill
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siting of works plan for approval t
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The draft policy encourages develop
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provides a definition but one which
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2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
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Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
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Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
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of Natural Resources and the South
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3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
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Air temperatures across the Zambezi
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or fuelwood production. Similar pat
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Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
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3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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The Botswana segment of this area f
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3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
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3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
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3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
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3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
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3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
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3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
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Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
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3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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• Increased quantities of suspend
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Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
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3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
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The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
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Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
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along the major roads between Chiru
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3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
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Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
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Small intrusions of Greenstone form
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Several stretches of streams and ri
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3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
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3.18.6 Implications for water quali
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3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
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3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
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The only settlements of any size ar
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3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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• Non-point impact from minefield
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This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
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The catchment falls mainly under th
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The two lone water quality data poi
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• Non-point domestic effluent, ru
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Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
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3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
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3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
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Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
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Sanyati, all may well contribute or
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3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
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This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
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3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
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3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
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Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
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The major settlements are the metro
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3.34.6 Implications for water quali
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• Urban run off, urban areas of C
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3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
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3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
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The catchment falls under the Harar
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3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
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widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
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3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
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4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
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Mountains. Most of the basin consis
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the City of Pretoria and the northe
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continues to flow in the deeper all
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Each basin state maintains its own
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Land use in the upper parts of the
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the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
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None obtainable in time for this re
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In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
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Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
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4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
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There is exploration for diamonds (
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There is exploration, mainly for di
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Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
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4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
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• Major non-point impact of agric
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Several thermal springs are located
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• Disposal of large volumes of li
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D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
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Most of the clayey loam soils in th
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4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
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4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
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4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
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Water quality data for three sites
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supplies in the sub-catchment, the
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4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
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• Minor non-point impact from non
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4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
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4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
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5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
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Soil formations across the Olifants
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indices of per capita agricultural
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professional capacity within the me
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• Dark grey to blackish, mottled
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5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
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Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
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The following mining operations are
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5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
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5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
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K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
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local geological formations. High c
Page 309 and 310: The South African Department of Wat
Page 311 and 312: pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
Page 313 and 314: Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
Page 315 and 316: No information is available on the
Page 317 and 318: In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
Page 319 and 320: The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
Page 321 and 322: m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
Page 323 and 324: In the south-west of the sub-catchm
Page 325 and 326: • Minor non-point impact of agric
Page 327 and 328: (Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
Page 329 and 330: 5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
Page 331 and 332: y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
Page 333 and 334: 5.10.6 Implications for water quali
Page 335 and 336: In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
Page 337 and 338: Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
Page 339 and 340: • Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
Page 341 and 342: • Decreased light penetration to
Page 343 and 344: 6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
Page 345 and 346: Worldwide, the general public has e
Page 347 and 348: 2. That copies of this report shoul
Page 349 and 350: Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
Page 351 and 352: CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
Page 353 and 354: Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
Page 355 and 356: Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
Page 357 and 358: Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
Page 359: Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
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