OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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Johnson, M.S., Cooke, J.A. & J.K.W. Stevenson (1994). Revegetation of Metalliferous Wastes and Land after Metal Mining. In: (Hester, R.E. & R.M. Harrison, Eds), Mining and its Environmental Impact. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. Johnstone, A. & I. Du Toit (1997). Session 6. Coal mines and groundwater predictions of impacts. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Mining and Industrial Waste Management, 2 to 4 Jun 1997, Johannesburg, South Africa. 8 pp. Kelly, D. (2000). World-first mine water treatment plant soon to become a reality. Mining Mirror, 12(8): 10-13. Kelly, M. (1988). Mining and the Freshwater Environment London: Elsevier Applied Science. Khanna, T. (2000). Mining and the environmental agenda: green topics. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining & Metallurgy, 100(1): 45-47. King, L.C. (1951). South African Scenery. Oliver and Boyd, London. 379 pp. King, T.V.V (Ed.) (1995). Environmental considerations of active and abandoned mine lands: lessons from Summitville, Colorado United States Geological Survey Bulletin 2220. Kirby, C.S. & J.A. Elder Brady (1998). Field determination of Fe 2+ oxidation rates in acid mine drainage using a continuously-stirred tank reactor Applied Geochemistry 13 509-520. Kruger, F.J. & T. Greyling (1997). Sustainable development and the environment: lessons from the St Lucia Environmental Impact Assessment. South African Journal of Science, 93(1): 23-33. Leitner, E.G. & A.E. Phaup (1974). The geology of the country around Mount Darwin Zimbabwe Geological Survey Bulletin 73. Light, M.P.R. & T.J. Broderick (1998). The geology of the country east of Beitbridge Zimbabwe Geological Survey Bulletin 87. Livingstone, S.W. (1999). Environmental Impact Statement for the Development of a Slag Smelter and Support Infrastructure for Project COSAC - the Processing of Cobalt Rich Slag from the Nkana Smelter. Report submitted to Chambishi Metals PLC in terms of The Mines and Minerals (Environmental) Regulations, 1997, of the Government of the Republic of Zambia. 126 pp. + maps, diagrams and attachments. Loos, M.A., J.M. Conradie, P.A. Whillier, J. Maré & C. Bosch (1990). Research on the inhibition of bacterial oxidation of pyrite and concomitant acid mine drainage: Part 1. Investigation of gold sand dumps. Water Research Commission Report 132/1/90. Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (1999). Implications of the National Water Act (Act No 36 of 1998) for water quality management in the mining industry Ninth South African National Hydrology Symposium, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 29-30 November. cccliv
Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). Mining and integrated catchment management under the National Water Act Geocongress 2000, University of Stellenbosch, July 2000. Published in Journal of African Earth Sciences 31 (1A), 41. Love, I. in preparation. The chemistry of gold extraction in Zimbabwe (manuscript in preparation). Lundqvist, J. (1999). Rules and roles in water policy and management - classification of rights and obligations. In: Proceedings of the SIWI/IWRA Seminar "Towards Upstream/Downstream Hydrosolidarity", Stockholm. pp.: 61-67. Mabvira-Meck, M. (1999). Minimising the effects of mining on water quality. Chamber of Mines Journal, 41(10): 12-15. Machena, C. (1997). The pollution and self-purification capacity if the Mukuvisi River in Moyo, NAG, Ed, Lake Chivero: a Polluted Lake Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications. Magalela, W. (1997). Some aspects of saline ground waters in the Gokwe District Annals of the Zimbabwe Geological Survey 18, 32-36. Marsden, J. & I. House (1993). The Chemistry of Gold Extraction Hemel Hempstead: Ellis Horwood. Marneweck, G., A.L. Batchelor & J. Turpie (2001). Ecological and Economic Valuation of Wetlands in the Upper Olifants Catchment. Water Research Commission Project Report No. K5/1162. (In progress). Marszalek, H. & M. Wasik (2000). Influence of arsenic-bearing gold deposits on water quality in Zloty Stok mining area (SW Poland). Environmental Geology, 39(8): 888-792. Mathesen, M., S.S. Kim & F.M. Doyle (1997). Stabilization of mining wastes to mitigate acid rock drainage and permit revegetation University of California Toxic Substances Research and Teaching Program Research Abstract. Mathuthu, A.S., K. Mwanga & A. Simoro (1997). Impact assessment of industrial and sewage effluents on the water quality of the receiving Marimba River in Harare in Moyo, NAG, Ed, Lake Chivero: a Polluted Lake Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications. Matter, W.J. & J.J. Ney (1981). The impact of surface mine reclamation on headwater streams in southwest Virginia. Hydrobiologia, 78(1): 63-71. Mbendi (2000). Mbendi Information For Africa. Mining and Industrial Statistics for Individual SADC Countries, [Online]. Accessed on 17 June 2001. Available at website: (http://mbendi.co.za/indy/ming/af/). Mendelsohn, F. (Ed.) (1961). The Geology of the Northern Rhodesian Copperbelt. Macdonald, London. 523 pp. Mikhailov, A., P.H.G.M. Dirks & B. Barber (2000). A Gold Investment Guide for Zimbabwe Harare: Zambezi Explorations Pvt. Ltd. ccclv
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
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of amenity or deterioration in wate
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Typically, river flows in the count
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In simple terms, all of the propone
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shared by more than one country, es
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most appropriate technical or inves
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CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
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1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
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1997). In future studies, more atte
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Section 5 briefly reviews the water
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Mining methods vary widely and depe
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Removal and storage of ores and was
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These effects are usually ameliorat
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Water quality changes are widely co
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these substances are often mobilize
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The acidification of the water has
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and kinetic stability of the comple
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This process is carefully balanced
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neutralize each other - this situat
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(Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
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Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
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Draft Environmental Management Bill
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siting of works plan for approval t
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The draft policy encourages develop
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provides a definition but one which
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2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
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Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
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Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
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of Natural Resources and the South
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3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
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Air temperatures across the Zambezi
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or fuelwood production. Similar pat
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Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
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3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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The Botswana segment of this area f
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3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
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3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
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3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
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3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
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3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
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3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
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Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
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3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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• Increased quantities of suspend
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Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
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3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
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The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
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Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
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along the major roads between Chiru
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3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
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Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
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Small intrusions of Greenstone form
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Several stretches of streams and ri
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3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
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3.18.6 Implications for water quali
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3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
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3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
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The only settlements of any size ar
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3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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• Non-point impact from minefield
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This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
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The catchment falls mainly under th
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The two lone water quality data poi
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• Non-point domestic effluent, ru
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Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
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3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
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3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
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Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
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Sanyati, all may well contribute or
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3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
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This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
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3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
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3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
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Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
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The major settlements are the metro
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3.34.6 Implications for water quali
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• Urban run off, urban areas of C
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3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
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3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
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The catchment falls under the Harar
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3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
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widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
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3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
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4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
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Mountains. Most of the basin consis
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the City of Pretoria and the northe
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continues to flow in the deeper all
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Each basin state maintains its own
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Land use in the upper parts of the
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the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
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None obtainable in time for this re
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In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
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Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
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4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
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There is exploration for diamonds (
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There is exploration, mainly for di
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Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
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4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
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• Major non-point impact of agric
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Several thermal springs are located
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• Disposal of large volumes of li
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D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
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Most of the clayey loam soils in th
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4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
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4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
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4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
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Water quality data for three sites
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supplies in the sub-catchment, the
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4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
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• Minor non-point impact from non
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4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
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4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
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5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
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Soil formations across the Olifants
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indices of per capita agricultural
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professional capacity within the me
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• Dark grey to blackish, mottled
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5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
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Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
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The following mining operations are
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5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
Page 303 and 304: 5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
Page 305 and 306: K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
Page 307 and 308: local geological formations. High c
Page 309 and 310: The South African Department of Wat
Page 311 and 312: pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
Page 313 and 314: Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
Page 315 and 316: No information is available on the
Page 317 and 318: In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
Page 319 and 320: The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
Page 321 and 322: m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
Page 323 and 324: In the south-west of the sub-catchm
Page 325 and 326: • Minor non-point impact of agric
Page 327 and 328: (Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
Page 329 and 330: 5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
Page 331 and 332: y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
Page 333 and 334: 5.10.6 Implications for water quali
Page 335 and 336: In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
Page 337 and 338: Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
Page 339 and 340: • Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
Page 341 and 342: • Decreased light penetration to
Page 343 and 344: 6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
Page 345 and 346: Worldwide, the general public has e
Page 347 and 348: 2. That copies of this report shoul
Page 349 and 350: Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
Page 351 and 352: CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
Page 353: Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
Page 357 and 358: Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
Page 359 and 360: Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
Page 361 and 362: World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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