OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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• Shallow, clay-rich soils with high sodium content in internally draining areas. The sub-catchment receives low and unreliable rainfalls (mostly under 400 mm per year) with high evaporation rates. Soils are generally shallow and poor to medium quality. Areas with high sodium content pose a salinization risk for irrigation schemes. Soils become progressively coarser and sandier towards the eastern portion of the sub-catchment as rainfalls decline and evaporation rates increase. Land use in the sub-catchment consists mostly of small-scale subsistence farming of drought resistant crops, as well as livestock rearing of goats and donkeys. The main settlements are the towns of Selibe-Phikwe and Serule, with numerous smaller settlements located along the North-South Pipeline route and along the main roads. 4.4.1.4 Surface water users All towns and settlements rely on whatever surface water they can obtain from the seasonal flows in local streams and rivers, as well as an extensive system of boreholes. Larger towns such as Serule and Selibe- Phikwe obtain most of their water from the North-South Pipeline as well as from local boreholes. Small settlements rely on local boreholes and hand-dug wells for their water supplies. 4.4.1.5 Water management systems This sub-catchment is located entirely within Botswana and therefore falls under the jurisdiction of the Department of Water Affairs in the Ministry of Mineral and Energy Affairs. Routine flow gauging is carried out at one station on the middle reaches of the Motloutse River, though the flow record is incomplete (Boroto & Görgens, 1999). 4.4.1.6 Human impacts on water resources (excluding mining) The following can be expected to impact on water resources in this sub-catchment: • Landfills and solid waste disposal sites at Serule and Selibe-Phikwe, as well as at numerous smaller settlements; • Disposal of liquid (domestic) effluent at Serule and Selibe-Phikwe; • Non-point domestic effluent via soak-aways in rural areas; • Minor non-point impact from subsistence agriculture; and • Fuel loss and litter on the roads between Martins Drift and Selibe-Phikwe, and along the main road between Serowe and Francistown, as well as along numerous smaller roads in the sub-catchment. ccxxiv
4.4.2 Mining and mineral processing operations Two mining operations are located in this sub-catchment (Table 4.5). The Selibe-Phikwe copper-nickel mine is the largest base metal mine in Botswana. Table 4.5: Mining operations in the Motloutse sub-catchment. Code Number Name of Mine Commodity (ies) Mined ccxxv Status Relative Size Bots-3 Bobonong Coal Operating Medium Low Bots-4 Selibe Phikwe Nickel, Copper Operating Large Medium 4.4.3 Alluvial mining None known. 4.4.4 Monitoring systems Probable Impact One flow-gauging site is located on the Motloutse River upstream of the town of Selibe-Phikwe. The Botswana Department of Water Affairs conducts regular monitoring of water quality in all the water supply dams, as well as water supplied to towns, mines and smaller communities from the North-South Pipeline. The geohydrology section within the Department of water Affairs also tests borehole water quality at regular intervals. 4.4.5 Water quality data None obtainable in time for this report, but data are available from the Botswana Department of Water Affairs. 4.4.6 Implications for water quality and quantity management Medium-scale impacts can be anticipated from the Selibe-Phikwe copper-nickel mine and its smelter, in terms of elevated concentrations of suspended solids, total dissolved salts, copper, nickel and sulphate. Very small localized impacts of acid mine drainage can also be anticipated. Impacts from the Bobonong Colliery are expected to be very small and localized in extent. 4.5 The Shashe-Tuli (Botswana and Zimbabwe) sub-catchment
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
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of amenity or deterioration in wate
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Typically, river flows in the count
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In simple terms, all of the propone
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shared by more than one country, es
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most appropriate technical or inves
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CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
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1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
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1997). In future studies, more atte
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Section 5 briefly reviews the water
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Mining methods vary widely and depe
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Removal and storage of ores and was
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These effects are usually ameliorat
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Water quality changes are widely co
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these substances are often mobilize
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The acidification of the water has
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and kinetic stability of the comple
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This process is carefully balanced
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neutralize each other - this situat
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(Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
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Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
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Draft Environmental Management Bill
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siting of works plan for approval t
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The draft policy encourages develop
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provides a definition but one which
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2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
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Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
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Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
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of Natural Resources and the South
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3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
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Air temperatures across the Zambezi
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or fuelwood production. Similar pat
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Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
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3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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The Botswana segment of this area f
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3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
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3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
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3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
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3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
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3.7.2 Mining and mineral processing
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3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
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3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
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Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
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3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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• Increased quantities of suspend
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Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
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3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
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The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
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Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
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along the major roads between Chiru
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3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
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Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
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Small intrusions of Greenstone form
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Several stretches of streams and ri
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3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
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3.18.6 Implications for water quali
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3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
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3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
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The only settlements of any size ar
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3.23.1 General description 3.23.1.1
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3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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• Non-point impact from minefield
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This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
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The catchment falls mainly under th
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The two lone water quality data poi
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• Non-point domestic effluent, ru
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Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
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3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
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3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
Page 173 and 174: Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
Page 175 and 176: Sanyati, all may well contribute or
Page 177 and 178: 3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
Page 179 and 180: This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
Page 181 and 182: 3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
Page 183 and 184: 3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
Page 185 and 186: Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
Page 187 and 188: Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
Page 189 and 190: The major settlements are the metro
Page 191 and 192: 3.34.6 Implications for water quali
Page 193 and 194: • Urban run off, urban areas of C
Page 195 and 196: 3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
Page 197 and 198: 3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
Page 199 and 200: The catchment falls under the Harar
Page 201 and 202: 3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
Page 203 and 204: widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
Page 205 and 206: 3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
Page 209 and 210: 4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
Page 211 and 212: Mountains. Most of the basin consis
Page 213 and 214: the City of Pretoria and the northe
Page 215 and 216: continues to flow in the deeper all
Page 217 and 218: Each basin state maintains its own
Page 219 and 220: Land use in the upper parts of the
Page 221 and 222: the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
Page 223: None obtainable in time for this re
Page 227 and 228: In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
Page 229 and 230: 4.5.5 Water quality data None avail
Page 231 and 232: 4.6.5 Water quality data None avail
Page 233 and 234: Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
Page 235 and 236: 4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
Page 237 and 238: There is exploration for diamonds (
Page 239 and 240: There is exploration, mainly for di
Page 243 and 244: Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
Page 245 and 246: 4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
Page 247 and 248: 4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
Page 249 and 250: • Major non-point impact of agric
Page 251 and 252: Several thermal springs are located
Page 253 and 254: • Disposal of large volumes of li
Page 255 and 256: D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
Page 257 and 258: 4.15.1 General description 4.15.1.1
Page 261 and 262: Most of the clayey loam soils in th
Page 263 and 264: 4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
Page 265 and 266: 4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
Page 267 and 268: 4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
Page 269 and 270: Water quality data for three sites
Page 271 and 272: supplies in the sub-catchment, the
Page 273 and 274: 4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
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• Minor non-point impact from non
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4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
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4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
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5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
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Soil formations across the Olifants
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indices of per capita agricultural
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professional capacity within the me
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• Dark grey to blackish, mottled
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5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
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Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
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The following mining operations are
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5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
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5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
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K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
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local geological formations. High c
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The South African Department of Wat
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pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
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Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
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No information is available on the
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In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
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The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
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m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
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In the south-west of the sub-catchm
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• Minor non-point impact of agric
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(Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
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5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
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5.10.6 Implications for water quali
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In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
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• Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
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• Decreased light penetration to
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6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
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Worldwide, the general public has e
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2. That copies of this report shoul
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Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
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CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
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Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
Page 355 and 356:
Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
Page 357 and 358:
Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
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Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
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World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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