OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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Environment Canada (1996). The State of Canada’s Environment. Government of Canada, Ottawa. 237 pp. Environmental Policy Initiative (2001). Mining, Environment and Sustainable Development Update. EPI News No.9, Cape Town. Evans, K.G. (2000). Methods for assessing mine site rehabilitation design for erosion impact. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 38(2): 231-247. Falkenmark, M. (1986). Fresh water – time for a modified approach. Ambio, 15(4): 192-200. Falkenmark, M. (1989). The massive water scarcity now threatening Africa: why isn't it being addressed? Ambio, 18(2): 112-118. Falkenmark, M. (1994). The dangerous spiral: near-future risks for water-related eco-conflicts. In: Proceedings of the ICRC Symposium "Water and War: Symposium on Water in Armed Conflicts", International Committee of the Red Cross, Montreux, Switzerland, 21-23 November 1994. 16 pp. Falkenmark, M. (1999). Competing freshwater and ecological services in the river basin perspective - an expanded conceptual framework. In: Proceedings of the SIWI/IWRA Seminar "Towards Upstream/Downstream Hydrosolidarity", Stockholm. pp.: 19-30. FAO. (2000a). New Dimensions in Water Security - Water, Society and Ecosystem Services in the 21 st Century. Land and Water Development Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. FAO Report: AGL/MISC/25/2000. 82pp. FAO. (2000b). Aquastat Information Service on Water in Agriculture and Rural Development. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Land and Water Division. (http://www.fao.org/waicent/FaoInfo/Agricult/AGL/AGLW/AQUASTAT/afric.htm). Fernando, Q. (1995). Metal speciation in environmental and biological systems. Environmental Health Perspectives 103 (Suppl 1) 13-16. Fitzgerald, J.V.V. (1902). The Law affecting the Pollution of Rivers and Water Generally London: Knight. Förstner, U. & W. Salomong (1991). Mobilization of metals from sediments In: Merian, E, Ed Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment: occurrence, analysis and biological relevance Weinheim, Germany: VCH Verslagsgesellschaft, 379-398. Frimpter, M.H. & A. Maevsky (1979). Geohydrological impacts of coal development in the Narragansett Basin, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. USA Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2062. 35 pp. ccclii
Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). Environmental Management in South Africa. Juta & Co, Johannesburg. 823 pp. Funke, J.W. (1990). The Water Requirements and Pollution Potential of South African Gold and Uranium Mines. Water Research Commission Report No. KV9/90, 197 pp. Garson, M.S. (1995). The geology of the BulawayoGreenstone Belt and surrounding granitic terrain Zimbabwe Geological Survey Bulletin 93. Gleick, P.H. (1993). Water and conflict: fresh water resources and international security. International Security, 18(1): 84-117. Gleick, P.H. (1998). The World's Water 1998-1999: Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources. Island Press, Washington DC. 217 pp. Gleick, P.H. (1999). The human right to water. Water Policy, 1: 487-503. Gratwicke, B. (1999). The Effects of Season on a Biotic Water Quality Index: a case Study of the Yellow Jacket and Mazowe Rivers BSc Honours project report, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe. Hettler, J., G. Irion & B. Lehmann (1997). Environmental impact of mining waste disposal on a tropical lowland river system: a case study on the Ok Tedi mine, Papua New Guinea Mineralium Deposita 32, 280-291. Heyns, P.S.v.H. (1995). The Namibian perspective on regional collaboration in the joint development of international water resources. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 11(4): 483-491. Hodgson, F.D.I. & R.M. Krantz (1999). Possible deterioration of groundwater quality in the Olifants River catchment investigated: groundwater. SA Water Bulletin, 25(5): 17-18. Holz, P. (1994). Controlling the impact: environment. South African Mining, Coal, Gold & Base Minerals, 19. Homer-Dixon, T. & V. Percival (1996). Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict. Report of the Population and Sustainable Development Project, American Association for the Advancement of Science and University of Toronto, Washington DC. Hounsome, R. & P.J. Ashton (2001). Sustainable Development for the Mining and Minerals Sector in Southern Africa. Draft Position Paper for the Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development Project (MMSD SOU<strong>THE</strong>RN AFRICA), Stellenbosch. 16 pp. Hungwe, A. (1998). Water resources management in Zimbabwe: water resources. Chamber of Mines Journal, 40(1): 31-37. Jennett, J.C. & J.L. Foil (1979). Trace metal transport from mining, milling and smelting watersheds. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 51(2): 378-404. cccliii
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
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of amenity or deterioration in wate
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Typically, river flows in the count
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In simple terms, all of the propone
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shared by more than one country, es
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most appropriate technical or inves
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CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
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1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
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1997). In future studies, more atte
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Section 5 briefly reviews the water
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Mining methods vary widely and depe
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Removal and storage of ores and was
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These effects are usually ameliorat
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Water quality changes are widely co
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these substances are often mobilize
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The acidification of the water has
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and kinetic stability of the comple
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This process is carefully balanced
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neutralize each other - this situat
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(Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
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Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
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Draft Environmental Management Bill
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siting of works plan for approval t
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The draft policy encourages develop
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provides a definition but one which
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2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
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Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
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Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
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of Natural Resources and the South
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3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
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Air temperatures across the Zambezi
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or fuelwood production. Similar pat
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Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
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3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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The Botswana segment of this area f
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3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
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3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
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3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
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3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
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3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
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3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
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Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
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3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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• Increased quantities of suspend
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Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
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3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
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The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
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Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
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along the major roads between Chiru
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3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
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Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
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Small intrusions of Greenstone form
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Several stretches of streams and ri
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3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
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3.18.6 Implications for water quali
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3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
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3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
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The only settlements of any size ar
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3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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• Non-point impact from minefield
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This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
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The catchment falls mainly under th
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The two lone water quality data poi
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• Non-point domestic effluent, ru
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Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
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3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
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3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
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Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
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Sanyati, all may well contribute or
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3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
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This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
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3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
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3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
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Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
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The major settlements are the metro
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3.34.6 Implications for water quali
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• Urban run off, urban areas of C
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3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
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3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
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The catchment falls under the Harar
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3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
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widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
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3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
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4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
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Mountains. Most of the basin consis
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the City of Pretoria and the northe
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continues to flow in the deeper all
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Each basin state maintains its own
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Land use in the upper parts of the
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the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
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None obtainable in time for this re
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In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
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Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
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4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
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There is exploration for diamonds (
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There is exploration, mainly for di
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Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
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4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
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• Major non-point impact of agric
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Several thermal springs are located
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• Disposal of large volumes of li
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D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
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Most of the clayey loam soils in th
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4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
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4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
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4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
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Water quality data for three sites
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supplies in the sub-catchment, the
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4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
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• Minor non-point impact from non
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4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
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4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
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5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
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Soil formations across the Olifants
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indices of per capita agricultural
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professional capacity within the me
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• Dark grey to blackish, mottled
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5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
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Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
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The following mining operations are
Page 301 and 302: 5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
Page 303 and 304: 5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
Page 305 and 306: K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
Page 307 and 308: local geological formations. High c
Page 309 and 310: The South African Department of Wat
Page 311 and 312: pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
Page 313 and 314: Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
Page 315 and 316: No information is available on the
Page 317 and 318: In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
Page 319 and 320: The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
Page 321 and 322: m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
Page 323 and 324: In the south-west of the sub-catchm
Page 325 and 326: • Minor non-point impact of agric
Page 327 and 328: (Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
Page 329 and 330: 5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
Page 331 and 332: y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
Page 333 and 334: 5.10.6 Implications for water quali
Page 335 and 336: In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
Page 337 and 338: Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
Page 339 and 340: • Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
Page 341 and 342: • Decreased light penetration to
Page 343 and 344: 6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
Page 345 and 346: Worldwide, the general public has e
Page 347 and 348: 2. That copies of this report shoul
Page 349 and 350: Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
Page 351: CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
Page 355 and 356: Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
Page 357 and 358: Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
Page 359 and 360: Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
Page 361 and 362: World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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