OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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predates the Zimbabwe Environmental Impact Assessment Policy, 1994. The Guidelines cover rehabilitation32, effluent disposal33, re-vegetation and prevention of erosion34, river diversions35, dumps and tailings dams36 and exploration activities37. However, the Guidelines are generally vague and without detail. It is to be hoped that more detailed guidelines will be prepared by the Chamber subsequent to the promulgation of proposed new environmental management legislation. 2.9.5 Concluding Remarks Much of the legislation governing environmental and water affairs applied to mining is still in its infancy, and much remains to be done to work out how the many different laws and regulations interconnect and how the spheres of activity and control of the various different government agencies interact. In the meantime, there is little clarity on exactly where a mining operations legal responsibility towards water systems begins and ends. There is no simple answer to what legally constitutes impact as such. However, the best guide is that provided by the standards contained in the Water (Waste and Effluent Disposal) Regulations, see Appendix 2.3 and also Table 2.10 below. Table 2.10: Comparison of Various Standards. Values in ppm unless specified Parameter Maximum level lxxviii Zimbabwe South Africa Aluminium * 0.15 Ammonia (NH3) 0.50 1.00 Arsenic (As) 0.05 0.01 Barium (Ba) 0.50 * Biological Oxygen Demand 30.00 * Boron (B) 1.00 * Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 5.00 Chloride (Cl-) 250.00 100.00 Chlorine residual (free Chlorine) 0.10 * Chromium (Cr (hex)) 0.05 0.50 Chromium total (Cr) 1.00 * Cobalt (Co) * * Chemical Oxygen Demand 50.00 * Colour (TCU) 15.00 * Conductivity (µS/cm) 1000.00 * Copper (Cu) 1.00 1.00 32 Sections 2 – 4, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33 33 Sections 5 – 6, 35 34 Sections 11 - 13 35 Section 14 36 Sections 19 – 21, 29, 34 37 Sections 36 - 42
Cyanides and related compounds (CN) 0.07 * Free Cyanide (CN-) 0.07 * Detergents 1.00 * Faecal coliforms (No./100ml) 1000.00 0.00 Fluoride (F) 1.00 1.00 Grease & Oil 2.50 * Helminth eggs (No/100ml) 1000.00 * Iron (Fe) 1.00 0.10 Lead (Pb) 0.05 0.01 Manganese (Mn) 0.10 0.05 Mercury (Hg) 0.10 0.00 Nickel (Ni) 0.30 * Nitrite Nitrogen (NO2) 3.00 6.00 Nitrogen total (N) 10.00 * Oxygen absorbed 10.00 * Phenolic compounds (phenol) 0.01 0.00 Phosphates Total (P) 0.50 * Selenium (Se) 0.05 0.02 Sodium (Na) 200.00 100.00 Parameter Maximum level lxxix Zimbabwe South Africa Sulphate (SO4) 250.00 200.00 Sulphide (S) 0.20 * Total dissolved solids 500.00 450.00 Temperature deg. C 35.00 * Total heavy metals 2.00 * Total suspended solids 25.00 * Turbidity (NTU) 5.00 1.00 Zinc (Zn) 0.50 3.00 Dissolved Oxygen % Saturation Minimum 60% * pH (pH units) Range: 6 - 9 Range: 6 - 9 - * Means that no limit is specified - Values in parts per million (ppm) unless specified - Zimbabwean limits: “blue normal” limits specified by 4 th Schedule of Water (Waste and Effluent Disposal) Regulations - South African limits: limits for domestic use (DWAF, 1996) 2.10 Principal approaches adopted to minimize and manage environmental impacts arising from mining operations
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
Page 27 and 28: of amenity or deterioration in wate
Page 29 and 30: Typically, river flows in the count
Page 31 and 32: In simple terms, all of the propone
Page 33 and 34: shared by more than one country, es
Page 35 and 36: most appropriate technical or inves
Page 37 and 38: CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
Page 39 and 40: 1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
Page 41 and 42: 1997). In future studies, more atte
Page 43 and 44: Section 5 briefly reviews the water
Page 45 and 46: Mining methods vary widely and depe
Page 47 and 48: Removal and storage of ores and was
Page 49 and 50: These effects are usually ameliorat
Page 51 and 52: Water quality changes are widely co
Page 53 and 54: these substances are often mobilize
Page 55 and 56: The acidification of the water has
Page 57 and 58: and kinetic stability of the comple
Page 59 and 60: This process is carefully balanced
Page 61 and 62: neutralize each other - this situat
Page 63 and 64: (Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
Page 65 and 66: Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
Page 67 and 68: Draft Environmental Management Bill
Page 69 and 70: siting of works plan for approval t
Page 71 and 72: The draft policy encourages develop
Page 73 and 74: provides a definition but one which
Page 75 and 76: 2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
Page 77: Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
Page 81 and 82: of Natural Resources and the South
Page 83 and 84: 3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
Page 85 and 86: Air temperatures across the Zambezi
Page 87 and 88: or fuelwood production. Similar pat
Page 89 and 90: Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
Page 91 and 92: 3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
Page 93 and 94: The Botswana segment of this area f
Page 95 and 96: 3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
Page 97 and 98: 3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
Page 99 and 100: 3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
Page 101 and 102: 3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
Page 103 and 104: 3.7.2 Mining and mineral processing
Page 105 and 106: 3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
Page 107 and 108: 3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
Page 109 and 110: 3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
Page 111 and 112: Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
Page 113 and 114: 3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
Page 115 and 116: 3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
Page 117 and 118: • Increased quantities of suspend
Page 119 and 120: Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
Page 121 and 122: 3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
Page 123 and 124: The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
Page 125 and 126: Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
Page 127 and 128: along the major roads between Chiru
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3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
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Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
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Small intrusions of Greenstone form
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Several stretches of streams and ri
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3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
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3.18.6 Implications for water quali
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3.19.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
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3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
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The only settlements of any size ar
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3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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• Non-point impact from minefield
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This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
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The catchment falls mainly under th
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The two lone water quality data poi
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• Non-point domestic effluent, ru
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Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
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3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
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3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
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Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
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Sanyati, all may well contribute or
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3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
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This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
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3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
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3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
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Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
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The major settlements are the metro
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• Urban run off, urban areas of C
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3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
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3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
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The catchment falls under the Harar
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3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
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widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
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3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
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4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
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Mountains. Most of the basin consis
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the City of Pretoria and the northe
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continues to flow in the deeper all
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Each basin state maintains its own
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Land use in the upper parts of the
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the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
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None obtainable in time for this re
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4.4.2 Mining and mineral processing
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In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
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4.5.5 Water quality data None avail
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4.6.5 Water quality data None avail
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Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
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4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
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There is exploration for diamonds (
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There is exploration, mainly for di
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Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
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4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
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• Major non-point impact of agric
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Several thermal springs are located
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• Disposal of large volumes of li
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D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
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Most of the clayey loam soils in th
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4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
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4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
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4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
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Water quality data for three sites
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supplies in the sub-catchment, the
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4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
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• Minor non-point impact from non
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4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
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4.21.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
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5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
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Soil formations across the Olifants
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indices of per capita agricultural
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professional capacity within the me
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• Dark grey to blackish, mottled
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5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
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Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
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The following mining operations are
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5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
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5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
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K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
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local geological formations. High c
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The South African Department of Wat
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pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
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Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
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No information is available on the
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In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
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The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
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m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
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In the south-west of the sub-catchm
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• Minor non-point impact of agric
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(Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
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5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
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In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
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• Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
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• Decreased light penetration to
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6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
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Worldwide, the general public has e
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2. That copies of this report shoul
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Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
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CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
Page 353 and 354:
Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
Page 355 and 356:
Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
Page 357 and 358:
Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
Page 359 and 360:
Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
Page 361 and 362:
World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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