OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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are also highly seasonal, falling predominantly as intense convective thunderstorms during the warmer summer months. Rainfalls vary from as little as 400 mm per annum in the central parts of the Limpopo valley to over 1,000 mm per annum on the Drakensberg Mountains and close to the mouth of the Limpopo River at Xai-Xai. A sketch map showing the distribution of mean annual rainfall over the Limpopo basin is shown in Figure 4.1. This figure also shows the main tributaries of the Limpopo River. Evaporation rates across the Limpopo basin are both high and variable, ranging from some 3.1 metres per annum in the western and central areas of the basin to some 1.7 metres in the cooler, mountainous regions in the southeastern portion of the basin. In view of these evaporation rates, and the quantity of rainfall received each year, several areas of the Limpopo basin show clear evidence of the dominance of physical weathering processes (Weinert N values greater than 5.0). These areas are located in the western and central portions of the basin and along the middle Limpopo valley. Virtually all of the rest of the Limpopo basin is subject to chemical weathering processes, either seasonally (Weinert N values below 4.0) or continually (Weinert N values below 2.0) (Weinert, 1964). 4.1.3 Population and land use patterns The total population of the Limpopo basin is approximately 10.5 Million, with almost 60% of Botswana’s population located within the basin (Table 4.2). The Limpopo basin also contains a large proportion of the population comprising South Africa’s Gauteng Province, as well as the population of the Northern Province, and almost all of the agricultural areas, towns and cities, mines and power stations of these two provinces. As a result, the basin includes most of the critically important economic and energy heartland of South Africa. Table 4.2: Population statistics for the four SADC states comprising the Limpopo basin (excluding the Olifants sub-basin, which is dealt with in Section 5). [Data obtained from SARDC (1996), Basson et al. (1997), Chenje (2000)]. Country Total Population of Country (Millions) Country Population in Basin (Millions) ccxii Proportion of Country Population (%) Proportion of Basin Population (%) Botswana 1.639 0.975 59.5 9.3 South Africa 43.421 7.950 18.3 76.1 Mozambique 19.980 1.150 5.8 11.0 Zimbabwe 13.109 0.375 3.0 3.6 Totals: 78.149 10.450 13.4 100.0 In Botswana, the Limpopo catchment supports several important towns and the capital City of Gaborone. The South African sector of the Limpopo Catchment supports several large and medium-sized towns as well as numerous smaller communities. Pietersburg, capital of the Northern Province, is also located here. In addition,
the City of Pretoria and the northern suburbs of the City of Johannesburg and the northern part of the Gauteng province are also located in the basin. Throughout the country portions comprising this catchment, a wide variety of mining operations as well as different forms of agriculture (subsistence and commercial cultivation, game farming, livestock and dairy production) are the economic mainstays of the catchment. ccxiii
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
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of amenity or deterioration in wate
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Typically, river flows in the count
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In simple terms, all of the propone
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shared by more than one country, es
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most appropriate technical or inves
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CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
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1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
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1997). In future studies, more atte
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Section 5 briefly reviews the water
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Mining methods vary widely and depe
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Removal and storage of ores and was
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These effects are usually ameliorat
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Water quality changes are widely co
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these substances are often mobilize
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The acidification of the water has
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and kinetic stability of the comple
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This process is carefully balanced
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neutralize each other - this situat
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(Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
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Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
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Draft Environmental Management Bill
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siting of works plan for approval t
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The draft policy encourages develop
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provides a definition but one which
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2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
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Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
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Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
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of Natural Resources and the South
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3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
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Air temperatures across the Zambezi
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or fuelwood production. Similar pat
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Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
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3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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The Botswana segment of this area f
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3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
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3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
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3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
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3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
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3.7.2 Mining and mineral processing
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3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
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3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
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Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
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3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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• Increased quantities of suspend
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Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
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3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
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The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
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Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
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along the major roads between Chiru
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3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
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Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
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Small intrusions of Greenstone form
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Several stretches of streams and ri
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3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
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3.18.6 Implications for water quali
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3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
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3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
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The only settlements of any size ar
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3.23.1 General description 3.23.1.1
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3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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• Non-point impact from minefield
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This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
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The catchment falls mainly under th
Page 161 and 162: The two lone water quality data poi
Page 163 and 164: • Non-point domestic effluent, ru
Page 165 and 166: Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
Page 167 and 168: 3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
Page 169 and 170: 3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
Page 171 and 172: 3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
Page 173 and 174: Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
Page 175 and 176: Sanyati, all may well contribute or
Page 177 and 178: 3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
Page 179 and 180: This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
Page 181 and 182: 3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
Page 183 and 184: 3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
Page 185 and 186: Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
Page 187 and 188: Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
Page 189 and 190: The major settlements are the metro
Page 191 and 192: 3.34.6 Implications for water quali
Page 193 and 194: • Urban run off, urban areas of C
Page 195 and 196: 3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
Page 197 and 198: 3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
Page 199 and 200: The catchment falls under the Harar
Page 201 and 202: 3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
Page 203 and 204: widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
Page 205 and 206: 3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
Page 209 and 210: 4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
Page 211: Mountains. Most of the basin consis
Page 215 and 216: continues to flow in the deeper all
Page 217 and 218: Each basin state maintains its own
Page 219 and 220: Land use in the upper parts of the
Page 221 and 222: the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
Page 223 and 224: None obtainable in time for this re
Page 225 and 226: 4.4.2 Mining and mineral processing
Page 227 and 228: In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
Page 229 and 230: 4.5.5 Water quality data None avail
Page 231 and 232: 4.6.5 Water quality data None avail
Page 233 and 234: Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
Page 235 and 236: 4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
Page 237 and 238: There is exploration for diamonds (
Page 239 and 240: There is exploration, mainly for di
Page 243 and 244: Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
Page 245 and 246: 4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
Page 247 and 248: 4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
Page 249 and 250: • Major non-point impact of agric
Page 251 and 252: Several thermal springs are located
Page 253 and 254: • Disposal of large volumes of li
Page 255 and 256: D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
Page 257 and 258: 4.15.1 General description 4.15.1.1
Page 261 and 262: Most of the clayey loam soils in th
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4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
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4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
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4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
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Water quality data for three sites
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supplies in the sub-catchment, the
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4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
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• Minor non-point impact from non
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4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
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4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
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5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
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Soil formations across the Olifants
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indices of per capita agricultural
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professional capacity within the me
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• Dark grey to blackish, mottled
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5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
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Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
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The following mining operations are
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5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
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5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
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K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
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local geological formations. High c
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The South African Department of Wat
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pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
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Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
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No information is available on the
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In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
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The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
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m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
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In the south-west of the sub-catchm
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• Minor non-point impact of agric
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(Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
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5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
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5.10.6 Implications for water quali
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In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
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• Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
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• Decreased light penetration to
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6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
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Worldwide, the general public has e
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2. That copies of this report shoul
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Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
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CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
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Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
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Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
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Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
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Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
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World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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