OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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D7-7 Nyala Dimension stone Operating Small Very low D7-9 Belfast Granite Dimension stone Operating Medium Low D7-12 Belfast #2 Dimension stone Operating Small Very low D7-16 Marlin Dimension stone Operating Small Very low D7-44 Baviaanskloof Vermiculite Prospecting Small Very low D7-45 Mapochs Vanadium, Copper Operating Large Medium – High D7-46 Vanadiumkop Vanadium Prospecting Small Very low D7-47 Driefontein Vanadium Closed Small Very low 5.5.3 Alluvial mining None known or anticipated. 5.5.4 Monitoring systems The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) routinely collects water samples and gauges flows in the Steelpoort sub-catchment, as part of its national monitoring programme. In addition, DWAF also regulate all large (> 150 m 3 /day) water abstractions, and monitor the quantity and quality of all effluent discharges through a system of effluent discharge permits or licences. Each licensed effluent discharger is required to carry out a routine monitoring programme of the flow and quality of their effluent and supply this to DWAF. The Department then conducts a randomised series of audit samples to check the veracity of the effluent returns submitted by each discharger. 5.5.5 Water quality data A set of water quality data are available for the Steelpoort River and the Dwars River, collected from sites upstream and downstream of a group of chrome and vanadium mining operations. These data are presented in Table 5.10. The data reveal clear effects of mining on general water quality (most probably due to forms of acidic seepage) but the data for chrome and vanadium concentrations are anomalous in that they show no clear indications of the chrome and vanadium mines having any effect on these substances in the rivers. Table 5.10: Water quality data from five sites on the Steelpoort and Dwars rivers, close to chrome and vanadium mining operations. The sampling sites are as follows: (1) = Dwars River upstream of Tweefontein Chrome Mine; (2) = Dwars River downstream of Tweefontein Chrome Mine; (3) = Steelpoort River upstream of junction with Dwars River; (4) = Steelpoort River downstream of Vantec Vanadium Mine; (5) = Steelpoort River downstream of Lannex Section Chrome Mine; (6) = Steelpoort River downstream of Tubatse Ferrochrome Smelter. [All values given in mg/litre except pH (log units)]. Sampling Sites Parameter 1 2 3 4 5 6 cccx
pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439 721 566 1255 570 647 Ca 34 42 38 74 38 29 Mg 36 50 33 107 38 60 Na 18 29 74 145 63 60 K 0.3 1.6 2.5 2.8 2.5 2.7 Cl 7 20 88 101 55 55 F 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 SO4 11 8 28 544 53 53 Total Alkalinity 273 438 246 204 263 310 Cr 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.135 0.003 0.003 V 0.003 0.003 0.032 0.017 0.003 0.015 5.5.6 Implications for water quality and quantity management The available evidence (Table 5.10) indicates that mining operations in the Steelpoort sub-catchment do have adverse effects on water quality in the river systems. However, there does not appear to be a clear indication (from these data) that the mines are contributing significant quantities of either chrome or vanadium to the rivers. Instead, it is possible that there is “natural background contamination” by chrome and vanadium, as reflected in the “upstream” samples. The precise extent and nature of any contamination from mining activities in the Steelpoort sub-catchment needs to be resolved unequivocally. There is considerable tension between farmers, irrigators and mine operators in this region around allegations of various types of metal toxicity to crops and livestock and the matter must be clarified as soon as possible. Concerted attention should be paid to a sampling and monitoring campaign that must be designed to prove whether or not there is indeed any form of metal contamination and, if so, the extent of such contamination and the precise source of such contamination. Only then can potential management options be evaluated and implemented. 5.6 The Blyde sub-catchment 5.6.1 General description 5.6.1.1 Hydrology This sub-catchment consists of the area drained by the Blyde River and its main tributary, the Ohrigstad River (Figure 4.2). Both the Blyde and Ohrigstad rivers rise on the western slopes of the north-south trending Drakensberg Mountains and flow northwards towards the escarpment edge where they join at the Blydepoort Dam, which is located at the edge of the escarpment. From the Blydepoort dam, the Blyde River cascades down a steep series of rapids to its lower reaches, where the river again flows northwards to join the Olifants cccxi
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
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of amenity or deterioration in wate
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Typically, river flows in the count
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In simple terms, all of the propone
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shared by more than one country, es
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most appropriate technical or inves
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CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
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1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
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1997). In future studies, more atte
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Section 5 briefly reviews the water
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Mining methods vary widely and depe
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Removal and storage of ores and was
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These effects are usually ameliorat
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Water quality changes are widely co
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these substances are often mobilize
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The acidification of the water has
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and kinetic stability of the comple
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This process is carefully balanced
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neutralize each other - this situat
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(Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
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Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
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Draft Environmental Management Bill
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siting of works plan for approval t
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The draft policy encourages develop
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provides a definition but one which
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2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
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Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
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Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
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of Natural Resources and the South
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3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
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Air temperatures across the Zambezi
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or fuelwood production. Similar pat
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Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
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3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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The Botswana segment of this area f
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3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
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3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
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3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
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3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
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3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
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3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
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Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
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3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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• Increased quantities of suspend
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Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
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3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
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The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
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Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
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along the major roads between Chiru
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3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
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Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
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Small intrusions of Greenstone form
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Several stretches of streams and ri
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3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
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3.18.6 Implications for water quali
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3.19.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
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3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
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The only settlements of any size ar
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3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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• Non-point impact from minefield
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This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
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The catchment falls mainly under th
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The two lone water quality data poi
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• Non-point domestic effluent, ru
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Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
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3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
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3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
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Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
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Sanyati, all may well contribute or
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3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
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This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
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3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
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3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
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Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
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The major settlements are the metro
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3.34.6 Implications for water quali
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• Urban run off, urban areas of C
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3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
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3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
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The catchment falls under the Harar
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3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
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widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
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3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
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4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
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Mountains. Most of the basin consis
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the City of Pretoria and the northe
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continues to flow in the deeper all
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Each basin state maintains its own
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Land use in the upper parts of the
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the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
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None obtainable in time for this re
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In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
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Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
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4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
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There is exploration for diamonds (
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There is exploration, mainly for di
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Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
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4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
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• Major non-point impact of agric
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Several thermal springs are located
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• Disposal of large volumes of li
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D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
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Page 259 and 260: 4.15.2 Mining and mineral processin
Page 261 and 262: Most of the clayey loam soils in th
Page 263 and 264: 4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
Page 265 and 266: 4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
Page 267 and 268: 4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
Page 269 and 270: Water quality data for three sites
Page 271 and 272: supplies in the sub-catchment, the
Page 273 and 274: 4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
Page 275 and 276: • Minor non-point impact from non
Page 277 and 278: 4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
Page 279 and 280: 4.21.1.6 Human impacts on water res
Page 281 and 282: 4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
Page 283 and 284: Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
Page 285 and 286: 5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
Page 287 and 288: Soil formations across the Olifants
Page 289 and 290: indices of per capita agricultural
Page 291 and 292: professional capacity within the me
Page 293 and 294: • Dark grey to blackish, mottled
Page 295 and 296: 5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
Page 297 and 298: Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
Page 299 and 300: The following mining operations are
Page 301 and 302: 5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
Page 303 and 304: 5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
Page 305 and 306: K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
Page 307 and 308: local geological formations. High c
Page 309: The South African Department of Wat
Page 313 and 314: Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
Page 315 and 316: No information is available on the
Page 317 and 318: In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
Page 319 and 320: The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
Page 321 and 322: m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
Page 323 and 324: In the south-west of the sub-catchm
Page 325 and 326: • Minor non-point impact of agric
Page 327 and 328: (Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
Page 329 and 330: 5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
Page 331 and 332: y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
Page 333 and 334: 5.10.6 Implications for water quali
Page 335 and 336: In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
Page 337 and 338: Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
Page 339 and 340: • Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
Page 341 and 342: • Decreased light penetration to
Page 343 and 344: 6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
Page 345 and 346: Worldwide, the general public has e
Page 347 and 348: 2. That copies of this report shoul
Page 349 and 350: Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
Page 351 and 352: CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
Page 353 and 354: Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
Page 355 and 356: Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
Page 357 and 358: Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
Page 359 and 360: Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
Page 361 and 362:
World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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