OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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In Namibia: • Dr Gabi Schneider, Director, Geological Survey of Namibia, Windhoek; • Dr Peter Tarr, Executive Director, Southern African Institute for Environmental Evaluation, Windhoek; • Mr Rainer Schneeweiss, Superintendent: Projects and Planning, Rössing Uranium Mine, Swakopmund; and • Mr Achmet Abrahams, Superintendent: Health and Environmental Management, Rössing Uranium Mine, Swakopmund. International: • Dr Steven Slater, Principal Environmental Consultant, Rio Tinto Technical Services, Melbourne, Australia; • Mr Peter Glazebrook, Principal Advisor: Toxicology, Rio Tinto Technical Services, Melbourne, Australia; • Mr Tom Burke, External Policy Advisor (External Affairs), Rio Tinto plc, London; • Professor Jan Lundqvist, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; and • Dr Munyiradzi Chenje, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, (previously of SARDC, Harare). xx
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1.1 Introduction The Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development Project (MMSD) is an independent, participatory project aimed at understanding how the mining and minerals sector can best contribute to the global transition towards sustainable development. The enormous diversity of views and definitions of “sustainable development” have created considerable uncertainty in the minds of many people. In an effort to reduce some of this uncertainty and provide greater focus and cohesion for the research teams, the final MMSD report will provide greater clarity on what is implied by the term “sustainable development”, as well as precise recommendations on how the sector can best contribute to the global transition towards this ideal. The range of views and issues amongst different groups and individuals across the world prompted the project originators to launch six MMSD Projects in different geographical regions. The MMSD southern African regional project (MMSD SOUTHERN AFRICA) is one of these six projects and addresses issues important to the mining and minerals processing sector in southern Africa. In the context of this project, southern Africa has been taken as the twelve mainland African countries forming the Southern African Development Community, namely (in alphabetical order): Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The primary objective of MMSD SOUTHERN AFRICA is to place the mining and minerals processing sector in southern Africa within the context of the stated SADC goals for sustainable development, as outlined in Text Box 1.1, below. The goals for sustainable development in the Southern African region are to: • Accelerate economic growth with greater equity and self reliance; • Improve the health, income and living conditions of the poor majority; and • Ensure equitable and sustainable use of the environment and natural resources for the benefit f f Text Box 1.1: Goals for sustainable development in southern Africa. The context provided by acceptance of the defined goals for sustainable development in SADC countries (above) precludes the necessity to become engaged in the protracted debates that surround the numerous definitions of sustainable development. Concentrating on the generic concepts or principles of sustainable development will ensure that MMSD SOUTHERN AFRICA has regional relevance as well as applicability to the mining and minerals processing sector. However, in addition to the three primary principles listed in Text Box 1.1, the transition towards sustainable development within the SADC region also requires stakeholders to: • Actively contribute to processes and structures that support good governance; • Participate in initiatives aimed at strengthening regional co-operation; and • Recognize that the profits gained at the expense of environmental or social systems are short-term and therefore non-sustainable. xxi
Page 1 and 2: AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
Page 3 and 4: AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
Page 5 and 6: exploited, the size of the facility
Page 7 and 8: 2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
Page 9 and 10: 4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
Page 13 and 14: Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
Page 15 and 16: Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
Page 17 and 18: Table 4.22: Mining operations in th
Page 19: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
Page 23 and 24: Box 1.2). Each research team is req
Page 25 and 26: The MRC cannot be held responsible
Page 27 and 28: of amenity or deterioration in wate
Page 29 and 30: Typically, river flows in the count
Page 31 and 32: In simple terms, all of the propone
Page 33 and 34: shared by more than one country, es
Page 35 and 36: most appropriate technical or inves
Page 37 and 38: CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
Page 39 and 40: 1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
Page 41 and 42: 1997). In future studies, more atte
Page 43 and 44: Section 5 briefly reviews the water
Page 45 and 46: Mining methods vary widely and depe
Page 47 and 48: Removal and storage of ores and was
Page 49 and 50: These effects are usually ameliorat
Page 51 and 52: Water quality changes are widely co
Page 53 and 54: these substances are often mobilize
Page 55 and 56: The acidification of the water has
Page 57 and 58: and kinetic stability of the comple
Page 59 and 60: This process is carefully balanced
Page 61 and 62: neutralize each other - this situat
Page 63 and 64: (Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
Page 65 and 66: Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
Page 67 and 68: Draft Environmental Management Bill
Page 69 and 70: siting of works plan for approval t
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The draft policy encourages develop
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provides a definition but one which
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2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
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Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
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Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
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of Natural Resources and the South
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3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
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Air temperatures across the Zambezi
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or fuelwood production. Similar pat
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Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
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3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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The Botswana segment of this area f
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3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
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3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
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3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
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3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
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3.7.2 Mining and mineral processing
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3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
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3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
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Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
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3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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• Increased quantities of suspend
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Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
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3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
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The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
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Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
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along the major roads between Chiru
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3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
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Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
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Small intrusions of Greenstone form
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Several stretches of streams and ri
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3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
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3.18.6 Implications for water quali
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3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
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3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
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Table 3.21: Mining operations in th
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The only settlements of any size ar
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3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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• Non-point impact from minefield
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This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
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The catchment falls mainly under th
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The two lone water quality data poi
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• Non-point domestic effluent, ru
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Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
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3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
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3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
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Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
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Sanyati, all may well contribute or
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3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
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This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
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3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
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3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
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Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
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The major settlements are the metro
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• Urban run off, urban areas of C
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3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
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3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
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The catchment falls under the Harar
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3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
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widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
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3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
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4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
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Mountains. Most of the basin consis
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the City of Pretoria and the northe
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continues to flow in the deeper all
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Each basin state maintains its own
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Land use in the upper parts of the
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the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
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None obtainable in time for this re
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4.4.2 Mining and mineral processing
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In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
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Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
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4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
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There is exploration for diamonds (
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There is exploration, mainly for di
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Page 243 and 244:
Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
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4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
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• Major non-point impact of agric
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Several thermal springs are located
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• Disposal of large volumes of li
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D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
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Most of the clayey loam soils in th
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4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
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4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
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4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
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Water quality data for three sites
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supplies in the sub-catchment, the
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4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
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• Minor non-point impact from non
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4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
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4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
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5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
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Soil formations across the Olifants
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indices of per capita agricultural
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professional capacity within the me
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• Dark grey to blackish, mottled
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5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
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Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
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The following mining operations are
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5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
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5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
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K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
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local geological formations. High c
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The South African Department of Wat
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pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
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Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
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No information is available on the
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In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
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The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
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m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
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In the south-west of the sub-catchm
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• Minor non-point impact of agric
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(Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
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5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
Page 333 and 334:
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In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
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• Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
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• Decreased light penetration to
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6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
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Worldwide, the general public has e
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2. That copies of this report shoul
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Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
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CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
Page 353 and 354:
Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
Page 355 and 356:
Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
Page 357 and 358:
Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
Page 359 and 360:
Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
Page 361 and 362:
World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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