OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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Selection of the specific river basins for study was designed to achieve a balance between time and budget constraints, the availability and accessibility of relevant information, and the need to provide information of relevance to more than one SADC country. Ultimately, three river basins were selected for investigation, namely: the Zambezi, Limpopo and Olifants basins. Whilst the Olifants river basin is in fact a sub-catchment of the Limpopo system, its features are sufficiently distinct to warrant it being considered separately. The location and extent of the three river basins in relation to the SADC countries is shown in Figure 1.4, whilst a list of the different sub-catchments within each of these river basins is provided in Table 1.5. The impacts attributable to mining and minerals processing activities in each of the three river basins are described in subsequent sections of this report. xxxvi
CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CONGO ANGOLA NAMIBIA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO BOTSWANA SOUTH AFRICA ZAMBIA LESOTHO xxxvii ZIMBABWE SUDAN SWAZILAND UGANDA RWANDA BURUNDI MALAWI TANZANIA ETHIOPIA KENYA MOZAMBIQUE 0 250 500 km Zambezi Limpopo Olifants Figure 1.4: Sketch map of southern Africa, showing the twelve mainland African countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC, shaded) and the location and extent of the Zambezi, Limpopo and Olifants basins. Table 1.5: List of sub-catchments in the Zambezi, Limpopo and Olifants basins.
Page 1 and 2: AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
Page 3 and 4: AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
Page 5 and 6: exploited, the size of the facility
Page 7 and 8: 2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
Page 9 and 10: 4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
Page 13 and 14: Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
Page 15 and 16: Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
Page 17 and 18: Table 4.22: Mining operations in th
Page 19 and 20: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
Page 21 and 22: 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
Page 23 and 24: Box 1.2). Each research team is req
Page 25 and 26: The MRC cannot be held responsible
Page 27 and 28: of amenity or deterioration in wate
Page 29 and 30: Typically, river flows in the count
Page 31 and 32: In simple terms, all of the propone
Page 33 and 34: shared by more than one country, es
Page 35: most appropriate technical or inves
Page 39 and 40: 1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
Page 41 and 42: 1997). In future studies, more atte
Page 43 and 44: Section 5 briefly reviews the water
Page 45 and 46: Mining methods vary widely and depe
Page 47 and 48: Removal and storage of ores and was
Page 49 and 50: These effects are usually ameliorat
Page 51 and 52: Water quality changes are widely co
Page 53 and 54: these substances are often mobilize
Page 55 and 56: The acidification of the water has
Page 57 and 58: and kinetic stability of the comple
Page 59 and 60: This process is carefully balanced
Page 61 and 62: neutralize each other - this situat
Page 63 and 64: (Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
Page 65 and 66: Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
Page 67 and 68: Draft Environmental Management Bill
Page 69 and 70: siting of works plan for approval t
Page 71 and 72: The draft policy encourages develop
Page 73 and 74: provides a definition but one which
Page 75 and 76: 2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
Page 77 and 78: Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
Page 79 and 80: Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
Page 81 and 82: of Natural Resources and the South
Page 83 and 84: 3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
Page 85 and 86: Air temperatures across the Zambezi
Page 87 and 88:
or fuelwood production. Similar pat
Page 89 and 90:
Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
Page 91 and 92:
3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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The Botswana segment of this area f
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3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
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3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
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3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
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3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
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3.7.2 Mining and mineral processing
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3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
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3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
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Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
Page 113 and 114:
3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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• Increased quantities of suspend
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Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
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3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
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The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
Page 125 and 126:
Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
Page 127 and 128:
along the major roads between Chiru
Page 129 and 130:
3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
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Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
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Small intrusions of Greenstone form
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Several stretches of streams and ri
Page 137 and 138:
3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
Page 139 and 140:
3.18.6 Implications for water quali
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
Page 145 and 146:
3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
Page 147 and 148:
Table 3.21: Mining operations in th
Page 149 and 150:
The only settlements of any size ar
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Page 153 and 154:
3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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• Non-point impact from minefield
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This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
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The catchment falls mainly under th
Page 161 and 162:
The two lone water quality data poi
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• Non-point domestic effluent, ru
Page 165 and 166:
Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
Page 167 and 168:
3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
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3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
Page 171 and 172:
3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
Page 173 and 174:
Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
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Sanyati, all may well contribute or
Page 177 and 178:
3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
Page 179 and 180:
This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
Page 181 and 182:
3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
Page 183 and 184:
3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
Page 185 and 186:
Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
Page 187 and 188:
Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
Page 189 and 190:
The major settlements are the metro
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
• Urban run off, urban areas of C
Page 195 and 196:
3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
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3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
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The catchment falls under the Harar
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3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
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widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
Page 205 and 206:
3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
Page 211 and 212:
Mountains. Most of the basin consis
Page 213 and 214:
the City of Pretoria and the northe
Page 215 and 216:
continues to flow in the deeper all
Page 217 and 218:
Each basin state maintains its own
Page 219 and 220:
Land use in the upper parts of the
Page 221 and 222:
the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
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None obtainable in time for this re
Page 225 and 226:
4.4.2 Mining and mineral processing
Page 227 and 228:
In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
Page 235 and 236:
4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
Page 237 and 238:
There is exploration for diamonds (
Page 239 and 240:
There is exploration, mainly for di
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
Page 245 and 246:
4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
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• Major non-point impact of agric
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Several thermal springs are located
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• Disposal of large volumes of li
Page 255 and 256:
D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Most of the clayey loam soils in th
Page 263 and 264:
4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
Page 265 and 266:
4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
Page 267 and 268:
4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
Page 269 and 270:
Water quality data for three sites
Page 271 and 272:
supplies in the sub-catchment, the
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4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
Page 275 and 276:
• Minor non-point impact from non
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4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
Page 285 and 286:
5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
Page 287 and 288:
Soil formations across the Olifants
Page 289 and 290:
indices of per capita agricultural
Page 291 and 292:
professional capacity within the me
Page 293 and 294:
• Dark grey to blackish, mottled
Page 295 and 296:
5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
Page 297 and 298:
Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
Page 299 and 300:
The following mining operations are
Page 301 and 302:
5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
Page 303 and 304:
5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
Page 305 and 306:
K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
Page 307 and 308:
local geological formations. High c
Page 309 and 310:
The South African Department of Wat
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pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
Page 313 and 314:
Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
Page 315 and 316:
No information is available on the
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In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
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The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
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m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
Page 323 and 324:
In the south-west of the sub-catchm
Page 325 and 326:
• Minor non-point impact of agric
Page 327 and 328:
(Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
Page 329 and 330:
5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
Page 331 and 332:
y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
Page 337 and 338:
Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
Page 339 and 340:
• Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
Page 341 and 342:
• Decreased light penetration to
Page 343 and 344:
6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
Page 345 and 346:
Worldwide, the general public has e
Page 347 and 348:
2. That copies of this report shoul
Page 349 and 350:
Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
Page 351 and 352:
CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
Page 353 and 354:
Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
Page 355 and 356:
Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
Page 357 and 358:
Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
Page 359 and 360:
Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
Page 361 and 362:
World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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