OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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Campbell, S.D.G. & P.E.J. Pitfield (1994). Structural control of gold mineralisation in the Zimbabwe Craton – exploration guidelines Zimbabwe Geological Survey Bulletin 101. Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft (1999). Report on the International Round Table on Mining and the Environment: Berlin 22 – 26 November 1999. Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft e.V, Berlin. 63 pp. Caruso, B.S. & R.C. Ward (1998). Assessment of non-point source pollution from inactive mines using a watershed-based approach. Environmental Management, 22 (2): 225-243. Cave, A.N. (1978). Strip mining: The environmental consequences. South African Mining and Engineering Journal, 89: 71-83. Channon, W.P. (1991). Two gold heap leach operations in Zimbabwe African Mining ’91 London: Elsevier Applied Science and Institute of Mining Metallurgy. Chenje, M. (Ed.) (2000). State of the Environment in the Zambezi Basin 2000. Report by Southern African Development Community (SADC-ELMS and WSCU), World Conservation Union (IUCN), Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) and Southern African Research and Documentation Centre – Musokotwane Environment Resource Centre for Southern Africa (SARDC-IMERCSA). Maseru, Lusaka, Harare. 334 pp. Chenje, M., L. Sola & D. Paleczny (Eds) (1998). The State of Zimbabwe’s Environment 1998 Harare: Ministry of Mines, Environment and Tourism [now Ministry of Environment and Tourism]. Chivasa, M. & M. Chenje (1996). Climate and water availability, in Chenje, M and Johnson, P, Eds: Water in Southern Africa. Harare: Southern African Development Community, International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Southern African Research and Documentation Centre. Chiyanike, T. (1997). Some notes on alluvial gold mining in Zimbabwe Annals of the Zimbabwe Geological Survey 18, 37-41. CIA (2000). The World Factbook (Country Listing). Central Intelligence Agency of the United States of America, [Online]. Accessed on 12 June 2001. Available at website: (http://www.cia/gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/). Cole, D.I. (1998). Diamonds in the SADC Region. Southern African Development Community Mining Sector Coordinating Unit, Mineral Resources Survey Programme No. 3. Council for Geoscience, Pretoria. 52 pp. COM (Chamber of Mines) (1994). Environmental Management Guidelines for Mining and Exploration in Zimbabwe Harare: COM. Craig, J.R. & D.J. Vaughan (1981). Ore Microscopy and Ore Petrography Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. Crowson, P. (1997). Issues and challenges for the mining industry. Chamber of Mines Journal, 39(6): 49-50. cccl
CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impact Report for the Proposed Underground Extension at the Palabora Mine. Report to Palabora Copper Mine by Division of Water, Environment & Forestry Technology, CSIR, Pretoria. 155 pp. CSIR and Wates, Meiring & Barnard (1993). Phalaborwa Mining and Industrial Complex: Lower Selati and Olifants Rivers Waste Load Allocation and Investigation of Water Use and Wastewater Options – Volumes 1 - 3. Report to Foskor Ltd, Palabora Mining Company Ltd and Fedmis – Phalaborwa Ltd., by CSIR, Pretoria. 256 pp. Dalal-Clayton, B. (1997). Southern Africa Beyond the Millenium: Environmental Trends and Scenarios to 2015. Environmental Planning Issues No. 13, International Institute for Environment and Development, London. 104 pp. Dallas, H.F. & J.A. Day (1993). The effect of water quality variables on riverine ecosystems: a review Water Research Commission Report TT61/93. Delli Priscoli, J. (1998). Water and civilization: Conflict, cooperation and the roots of a new eco-realism. In: Proceedings of the Eighth Stockholm World Water Symposium, 10-13 August 1998, Stockholm, Sweden. 17 pp. Department of Minerals and Energy (1992). Aide Mémoire for the Preparation of Environmental Management Programme Reports for Prospecting and Mining. Department of Minerals and Energy, Pretoria. 34 pp. Dill, S. (1998). Biotechnology in mine water treatment: environment. Mining World, 3: 34-36. DNP&WM (Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management) (1990). Kazuma Pan National Park Information brochure, Harare: DNP&WM. Dollhopf, D.J., G.W. Wendt, J.D. Goering & D.W. Hedberg (1979). Hydrogeology of a watershed with subirrigated alluvial materials in crop production. I. Mined land reclamation. Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No 715. 86 pp. Driscoll, C.T. & E.D. Schecher (1990). The chemistry of aluminum in the environment Environmental Geochemistry and Health 12, 28-49DRSS (Department of Research and Specialist Services) 1979. Provisional Soil Map of Zimbabwe Rhodesia 2 nd Edition, Harare: DRSS. Duda, A.M. & D.L. Penrose (1980). Impact of mining activities on water quality in western North Carolina. Water Resources Bulletin, 16(6): 1034-1040. Du Plessis, H.M. & A.G. Reynders (1992). Potential impact of gold mines on the surface water environment. EMPRs - the water quality management aspects. Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Management in the Mining Industry, 26 Nov 1992, Randfontein Estates Gold Mine, South Africa. 2 pp. Du Toit, A.L. (1956). The Geology of South Africa. Oliver and Boyd, London. 611 pp. DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry [of South Africa]) (1996). Domestic Use South African Water Quality Guidelines 1 2 nd Edition. Edmunds, W.M. & P.L. Smedley (1996). Groundwater geochemistry and health: an overview In: Appleton, JD, Fuge, R and McCall, GJH, Eds, Environmental Geochemistry and Health, with special reference to developing countries Geological Society Special Publication 113, 91-105. cccli
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
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of amenity or deterioration in wate
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Typically, river flows in the count
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In simple terms, all of the propone
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shared by more than one country, es
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most appropriate technical or inves
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CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
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1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
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1997). In future studies, more atte
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Section 5 briefly reviews the water
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Mining methods vary widely and depe
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Removal and storage of ores and was
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These effects are usually ameliorat
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Water quality changes are widely co
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these substances are often mobilize
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The acidification of the water has
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and kinetic stability of the comple
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This process is carefully balanced
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neutralize each other - this situat
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(Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
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Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
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Draft Environmental Management Bill
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siting of works plan for approval t
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The draft policy encourages develop
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provides a definition but one which
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2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
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Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
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Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
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of Natural Resources and the South
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3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
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Air temperatures across the Zambezi
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or fuelwood production. Similar pat
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Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
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3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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The Botswana segment of this area f
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3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
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3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
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3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
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3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
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3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
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3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
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Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
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3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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• Increased quantities of suspend
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Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
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3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
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The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
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Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
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along the major roads between Chiru
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3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
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Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
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Small intrusions of Greenstone form
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Several stretches of streams and ri
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3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
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3.18.6 Implications for water quali
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3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
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3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
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The only settlements of any size ar
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3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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• Non-point impact from minefield
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This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
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The catchment falls mainly under th
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The two lone water quality data poi
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• Non-point domestic effluent, ru
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Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
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3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
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3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
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Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
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Sanyati, all may well contribute or
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3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
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This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
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3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
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3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
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Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
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The major settlements are the metro
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3.34.6 Implications for water quali
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• Urban run off, urban areas of C
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3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
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3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
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The catchment falls under the Harar
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3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
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widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
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3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
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4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
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Mountains. Most of the basin consis
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the City of Pretoria and the northe
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continues to flow in the deeper all
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Each basin state maintains its own
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Land use in the upper parts of the
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the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
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None obtainable in time for this re
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In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
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Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
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4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
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There is exploration for diamonds (
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There is exploration, mainly for di
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Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
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4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
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• Major non-point impact of agric
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Several thermal springs are located
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• Disposal of large volumes of li
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D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
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Most of the clayey loam soils in th
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4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
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4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
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4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
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Water quality data for three sites
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supplies in the sub-catchment, the
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4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
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• Minor non-point impact from non
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4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
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4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
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5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
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Soil formations across the Olifants
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indices of per capita agricultural
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professional capacity within the me
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• Dark grey to blackish, mottled
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5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
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Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
Page 299 and 300: The following mining operations are
Page 301 and 302: 5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
Page 303 and 304: 5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
Page 305 and 306: K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
Page 307 and 308: local geological formations. High c
Page 309 and 310: The South African Department of Wat
Page 311 and 312: pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
Page 313 and 314: Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
Page 315 and 316: No information is available on the
Page 317 and 318: In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
Page 319 and 320: The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
Page 321 and 322: m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
Page 323 and 324: In the south-west of the sub-catchm
Page 325 and 326: • Minor non-point impact of agric
Page 327 and 328: (Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
Page 329 and 330: 5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
Page 331 and 332: y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
Page 333 and 334: 5.10.6 Implications for water quali
Page 335 and 336: In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
Page 337 and 338: Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
Page 339 and 340: • Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
Page 341 and 342: • Decreased light penetration to
Page 343 and 344: 6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
Page 345 and 346: Worldwide, the general public has e
Page 347 and 348: 2. That copies of this report shoul
Page 349: Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
Page 353 and 354: Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
Page 355 and 356: Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
Page 357 and 358: Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
Page 359 and 360: Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
Page 361 and 362: World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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