OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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• Landfills at Xai-Xai; • Disposal of liquid effluent, Xai-Xai (probably discharged to sea); • Non-point domestic effluent from soak aways in rural areas; and • Minor non-point impact from non-intensive agriculture. 4.12.2 Mining and mineral processing operations An extensive source of heavy mineral sands (containing titanium, illmenite and zirconium) is under prospecting licence close to the town of Xai-Xai at the mouth of the Limpopo River (Table 4.12). Table 4.12: Mining operations in the Lower Limpopo (Mozambique) sub-catchment. Code Number Name of Mine Commodity (ies) Mined ccxlvi Status Relative Size Probable Impact Moz-1 Rio Limpopo Titanium, Illmenite Prospecting Large Very low 4.12.3 Alluvial mining None known or anticipated. 4.12.4 Monitoring systems The Mozambique Department of Water Affairs monitors flows in the Limpopo River at three flow gauging stations (Boroto & Görgens, 1999). No details are available of any water quality monitoring of water supplies provided to towns and settlements. 4.12.5 Water quality data None available. 4.12.6 Implications for water quality and quantity management No impacts on water resources are anticipated from the prospecting activities located close to the mouth of the Limpopo River.
4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.1 General description 4.13.1.1 Hydrology This sub-catchment consists of the area drained by the Marico River, from its headwaters in the dolomitic aquifers between the towns of Zeerust and Lichtenburg, to its confluence with the Ngotwane River to form the Limpopo River (Figure 4.2). There are four relatively large water supply dams located in this sub-catchment, of which the Marico Dam also supplies water to the City of Gaborone in Botswana. The main stem of the Marico River is perennial, but most of its tributaries have seasonal or episodic flows. In addition to the larger water supply dams, the sub-catchment also contains a large number of smaller farm dams used to trap runoff in seasonal channels and supply this water either for livestock watering or for small-scale irrigation schemes. Extensive areas of the lower reaches of this sub-catchment are internally draining and provide little or no runoff to flows in the Marico River. 4.13.1.2 Geology In the upper reaches of this sub-catchment, the geological features are characterized by the presence of extensive dolomite and limestone formations. Extensive areas of unconsolidated and semi-consolidated sedimentary rocks of the Transvaal Supergroup underlie the northern areas of the catchment. These are intruded by wide belts of basic or mafic lavas in the south, with intrusions of basic, mafic and ultramafic rocks in the north. Virtually the entire northern portion of the sub-catchment is underlain by wide expanses of acid and intermediate intrusive rocks, with intercalated assemblages of compact sedimentary and intrusive rocks. The limestone and dolomite formations contain very large volumes of water that provide perennial flows to the Marico River. 4.13.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and land use Soils in the sub-catchment can be divided into four main groups: • Moderate to deep clayey loam soils on flat and undulating terrain overlying dolomite and limestone in the upper reaches of the catchment; • Moderate to deep clay loam soils over much of the middle portions of the sub-catchment, overlying the more porous unconsolidated sedimentary material; • Moderately shallow to moderately deep, clayey loam to clay-rich, fine-grained soils over most of the lower reaches of the sub-catchment; and • Coarser-grained sandy soils long river channels and flood terraces. ccxlvii
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
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of amenity or deterioration in wate
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Typically, river flows in the count
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In simple terms, all of the propone
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shared by more than one country, es
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most appropriate technical or inves
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CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
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1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
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1997). In future studies, more atte
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Section 5 briefly reviews the water
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Mining methods vary widely and depe
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Removal and storage of ores and was
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These effects are usually ameliorat
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Water quality changes are widely co
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these substances are often mobilize
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The acidification of the water has
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and kinetic stability of the comple
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This process is carefully balanced
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neutralize each other - this situat
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(Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
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Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
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Draft Environmental Management Bill
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siting of works plan for approval t
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The draft policy encourages develop
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provides a definition but one which
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2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
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Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
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Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
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of Natural Resources and the South
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3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
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Air temperatures across the Zambezi
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or fuelwood production. Similar pat
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Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
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3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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The Botswana segment of this area f
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3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
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3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
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3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
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3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
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3.7.2 Mining and mineral processing
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3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
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3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
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Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
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3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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• Increased quantities of suspend
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Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
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3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
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The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
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Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
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along the major roads between Chiru
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3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
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Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
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Small intrusions of Greenstone form
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Several stretches of streams and ri
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3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
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3.18.6 Implications for water quali
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3.19.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
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3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
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The only settlements of any size ar
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3.23.1 General description 3.23.1.1
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3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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• Non-point impact from minefield
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This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
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The catchment falls mainly under th
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The two lone water quality data poi
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• Non-point domestic effluent, ru
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Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
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3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
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3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
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Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
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Sanyati, all may well contribute or
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3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
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This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
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3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
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3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
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Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
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The major settlements are the metro
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• Urban run off, urban areas of C
Page 195 and 196: 3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
Page 197 and 198: 3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
Page 199 and 200: The catchment falls under the Harar
Page 201 and 202: 3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
Page 203 and 204: widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
Page 205 and 206: 3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
Page 207 and 208: 3.39.2 Mining and mineral processin
Page 209 and 210: 4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
Page 211 and 212: Mountains. Most of the basin consis
Page 213 and 214: the City of Pretoria and the northe
Page 215 and 216: continues to flow in the deeper all
Page 217 and 218: Each basin state maintains its own
Page 219 and 220: Land use in the upper parts of the
Page 221 and 222: the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
Page 223 and 224: None obtainable in time for this re
Page 225 and 226: 4.4.2 Mining and mineral processing
Page 227 and 228: In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
Page 229 and 230: 4.5.5 Water quality data None avail
Page 231 and 232: 4.6.5 Water quality data None avail
Page 233 and 234: Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
Page 235 and 236: 4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
Page 237 and 238: There is exploration for diamonds (
Page 239 and 240: There is exploration, mainly for di
Page 243 and 244: Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
Page 245: 4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
Page 249 and 250: • Major non-point impact of agric
Page 251 and 252: Several thermal springs are located
Page 253 and 254: • Disposal of large volumes of li
Page 255 and 256: D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
Page 257 and 258: 4.15.1 General description 4.15.1.1
Page 261 and 262: Most of the clayey loam soils in th
Page 263 and 264: 4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
Page 265 and 266: 4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
Page 267 and 268: 4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
Page 269 and 270: Water quality data for three sites
Page 271 and 272: supplies in the sub-catchment, the
Page 273 and 274: 4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
Page 275 and 276: • Minor non-point impact from non
Page 277 and 278: 4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
Page 279 and 280: 4.21.1.6 Human impacts on water res
Page 281 and 282: 4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
Page 283 and 284: Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
Page 285 and 286: 5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
Page 287 and 288: Soil formations across the Olifants
Page 289 and 290: indices of per capita agricultural
Page 291 and 292: professional capacity within the me
Page 293 and 294: • Dark grey to blackish, mottled
Page 295 and 296: 5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
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Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
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The following mining operations are
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5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
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5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
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K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
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local geological formations. High c
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The South African Department of Wat
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pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
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Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
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No information is available on the
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In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
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The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
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m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
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In the south-west of the sub-catchm
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• Minor non-point impact of agric
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(Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
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5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
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In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
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• Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
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• Decreased light penetration to
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6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
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Worldwide, the general public has e
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2. That copies of this report shoul
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Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
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CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
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Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
Page 355 and 356:
Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
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Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
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Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
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World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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