OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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agriculture consume most of the water used in the upper and central reaches of the sub-catchment. Formal irrigation boards control the allocation of water to each of the irrigation schemes in the sub-catchment. Contamination of local water resources by faecal coliform bacteria is a consequence of inadequate sanitation and the simultaneous use of water resources for domestic supplies and stock watering. Most of the mines and industries in the sub-catchment rely on water supplies from local boreholes. 5.4.1.5 Water management systems The South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) is responsible for the management of all aspects of water supply and water use in the sub-catchment. The Department operates a system of routine flow gauging at the Arabie Dam and other water supply dams, and pays particular attention to monitoring the quantity of water supplied to irrigation schemes and towns, as well as increasing attention to the quality of agricultural return flows and effluent discharges to the Olifants River. The various irrigation boards are responsible for the day-to-day management of water allocations for irrigation. 5.4.1.6 Human impacts on water resources (excluding mining) The following activities can be expected to have an impact on water resources in the Middle Olifants subcatchment: • Landfills and solid waste disposal sites at all towns and larger settlements; • Disposal of liquid (domestic, light and heavy industrial) effluent at all towns; • Moderate volumes of runoff from towns, as well as all other urbanized areas; • Non-point domestic effluent from numerous small settlements and farms; • Minor non-point impact from non-intensive commercial or subsistence agriculture; • Non-point impact of agricultural return flows from intensive irrigation areas; and • Litter and domestic garbage discarded alongside the many roads that traverse the sub-catchment. Examples of the types of effluents that are discharged into this sub-catchment are shown in Table 5.7, which list the water quality characteristics of four sewage treatment plant effluents. Table 5.7: Water quality data for three sites on the Olifants River in the Middle Olifants sub-catchment. [All data are given in mg/litre, except pH (log units) and electrical conductivity (mS/metre)]. Parameter Loskop Outflow Olifantspoort Rooipoort pH 7.3 8.0 8.0 Conductivity 150 140 120 TDS 1105 900 800 Ca 75 60 45 Mg 60 55 50 Na 240 200 160 ccciv
K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.0 0.9 SO4 155 100 80 Total Alkalinity 200 170 180 NH4-N 0.06 0.05 0.05 NO3-N 1.3 1.2 0.8 PO4-P 0.03 0.02 0.02 These data reflect the important influence of agricultural return flows in the upper and central reaches of this sub-catchment, as well as the dilution effect due to inflows of better quality water downstream of the Olifantspoort sampling site. 5.4.2 Mining and mineral processing operations The following mining operations are of interest in the Middle Olifants sub-catchment (Figures 4.2 and 4.3; Table 5.8). Table 5.8: Mining operations in the Middle Olifants sub-catchment. Code Number Name of Mine Commodity (ies) Mined cccv Status Relative Size Probable Impact B7-13 Kopermyn Gold Closed Small Very low B7-18 Doornfontein Gold Closed Very small Very low C7-4 Mont Mare Gold Closed Very small Very low C7-5 Marsfontein Diamond - kimberlite Operating Small Very low C7-6 Hoegenoeg Andalusite Operating Medium Very low C7-7 Lebowa Kgomo Manganese Closed Small Very low C7-8 Pelongwe Chrome, Platinum Prospecting Small Very low C7-9 Wonderboom Platinum Prospecting Small Very low C7-10 Seogeng Quarry Clay minerals Operating Very small Very low C7-11 Klipspringer Diamond - kimberlite Operating Small Very low C7-12 Inca Limestone / Dolomite Operating Small Very low C7-13 Calais Clay minerals Operating Medium Very low C7-14 Karkaw Limestone / Dolomite Operating Medium Very low C7-17 Stavoren Zinc, Tin Closed Small Very low C7-24 Sekhukune Andalusite Prospecting Small Very low C7-26 Lebowa Platinum Chrome, Platinum Operating Large Medium – High C8-2 Freddies Feldspar Operating Medium Low
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
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of amenity or deterioration in wate
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Typically, river flows in the count
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In simple terms, all of the propone
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shared by more than one country, es
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most appropriate technical or inves
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CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
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1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
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1997). In future studies, more atte
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Section 5 briefly reviews the water
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Mining methods vary widely and depe
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Removal and storage of ores and was
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These effects are usually ameliorat
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Water quality changes are widely co
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these substances are often mobilize
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The acidification of the water has
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and kinetic stability of the comple
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This process is carefully balanced
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neutralize each other - this situat
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(Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
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Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
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Draft Environmental Management Bill
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siting of works plan for approval t
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The draft policy encourages develop
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provides a definition but one which
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2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
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Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
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Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
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of Natural Resources and the South
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3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
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Air temperatures across the Zambezi
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or fuelwood production. Similar pat
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Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
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3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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The Botswana segment of this area f
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3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
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3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
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3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
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3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
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3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
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3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
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Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
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3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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• Increased quantities of suspend
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Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
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3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
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The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
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Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
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along the major roads between Chiru
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3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
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Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
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Small intrusions of Greenstone form
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Several stretches of streams and ri
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3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
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3.18.6 Implications for water quali
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3.19.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
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3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
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The only settlements of any size ar
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3.23.1 General description 3.23.1.1
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3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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• Non-point impact from minefield
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This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
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The catchment falls mainly under th
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The two lone water quality data poi
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• Non-point domestic effluent, ru
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Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
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3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
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3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
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Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
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Sanyati, all may well contribute or
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3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
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This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
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3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
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3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
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Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
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The major settlements are the metro
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3.34.6 Implications for water quali
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• Urban run off, urban areas of C
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3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
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3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
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The catchment falls under the Harar
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3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
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widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
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3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
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4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
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Mountains. Most of the basin consis
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the City of Pretoria and the northe
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continues to flow in the deeper all
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Each basin state maintains its own
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Land use in the upper parts of the
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the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
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None obtainable in time for this re
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In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
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Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
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4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
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There is exploration for diamonds (
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There is exploration, mainly for di
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Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
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4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
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• Major non-point impact of agric
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Several thermal springs are located
Page 253 and 254: • Disposal of large volumes of li
Page 255 and 256: D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
Page 257 and 258: 4.15.1 General description 4.15.1.1
Page 259 and 260: 4.15.2 Mining and mineral processin
Page 261 and 262: Most of the clayey loam soils in th
Page 263 and 264: 4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
Page 265 and 266: 4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
Page 267 and 268: 4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
Page 269 and 270: Water quality data for three sites
Page 271 and 272: supplies in the sub-catchment, the
Page 273 and 274: 4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
Page 275 and 276: • Minor non-point impact from non
Page 277 and 278: 4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
Page 279 and 280: 4.21.1.6 Human impacts on water res
Page 281 and 282: 4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
Page 283 and 284: Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
Page 285 and 286: 5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
Page 287 and 288: Soil formations across the Olifants
Page 289 and 290: indices of per capita agricultural
Page 291 and 292: professional capacity within the me
Page 293 and 294: • Dark grey to blackish, mottled
Page 295 and 296: 5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
Page 297 and 298: Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
Page 299 and 300: The following mining operations are
Page 301 and 302: 5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
Page 303: 5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
Page 307 and 308: local geological formations. High c
Page 309 and 310: The South African Department of Wat
Page 311 and 312: pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
Page 313 and 314: Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
Page 315 and 316: No information is available on the
Page 317 and 318: In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
Page 319 and 320: The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
Page 321 and 322: m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
Page 323 and 324: In the south-west of the sub-catchm
Page 325 and 326: • Minor non-point impact of agric
Page 327 and 328: (Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
Page 329 and 330: 5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
Page 331 and 332: y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
Page 333 and 334: 5.10.6 Implications for water quali
Page 335 and 336: In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
Page 337 and 338: Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
Page 339 and 340: • Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
Page 341 and 342: • Decreased light penetration to
Page 343 and 344: 6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
Page 345 and 346: Worldwide, the general public has e
Page 347 and 348: 2. That copies of this report shoul
Page 349 and 350: Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
Page 351 and 352: CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
Page 353 and 354: Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
Page 355 and 356:
Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
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Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
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Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
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World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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