OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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Z-79 Sakania Gold, Copper Abandoned Small Very low Z-80 Hippo Copper Prospecting Small Very low Z-81 Silver King Copper, Silver Prospecting Medium Very low Z-82 Sable Antelope Copper, Gold Prospecting Medium Very low 3.12.3 Alluvial mining None known. 3.12.4 Monitoring systems Regular water quality monitoring is carried out at points both upstream and downstream of major tailings dams and effluent discharge points on the Kafue River. Zambian and Swedish researchers have undertaken extremely detailed investigations of tailings geochemistry and water quality associated with the mines near Kitwe and Chingola (Petterson & Ingri, 1993; 2000a, 2000b; Mwale, 1994; Mwase, 1994; Nkandu, 1996; Norrgren et al., 2000). 3.12.5 Water quality data Some published water quality data is available from the publications of Petterson & Ingri (1993, 2000a, 2000b; Table 3.11). These workers have shown that the acid mine drainage emanating from the Copperbelt mines is largely neutralized by the carbonate-rich rocks and sediments of local geological formations. As a result, the concentrations of dissolved copper and cobalt in the Kafue River are extremely low, though larger quantities are present as suspended (adsorbed) material. In the past, this suspended copper has been implicated in the death of cattle that drank from the Mwambashi River (Figure 3.15; Mwale, 1994; Petterson & Ingri, 2000a, 2000b). Table 3.11: Analyses of water quality (dissolved substances) at three sites in the Kafue River, from upstream of Chingola (Fischer’s Farm), 20 km downstream of Kitwe (Raglan’s Farm) and 100 km downstream of the Zambian Copperbelt (Machiya Ferry). Data provided are averages of monthly samples collected between March 1995 and April 1996; all data units are given in microgrammes per litre (µg/litre) (Pettersson & Ingri, 2000a, 2000b). cxviii
Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan’s Farm Machiya Ferry Silica (Si) 3,395 18,932 4,755 Aluminium (Al) 1,687 12,674 1,594 Calcium (Ca) 442 1,261 653 Magnesium (Mg) 223 1,106 252 Potassium (K) 270 2,481 522 Sodium (Na) 189 223 159 Iron (Fe) 2,076 5,936 1,444 Manganese (Mn) 106 363 671 Phosphorus (P) 77 234 160 Titanium (Ti) 79 451 58 Barium (Ba) 12 90 20 Strontium (Sr) 1.92 11 5 Cobalt (Co) 1.27 115 16 Copper (Cu) 4.7 662 79 Chrome (Cr) 1.37 4.87 0.96 Nickel (Ni) 0.72 4.97 1.15 Lead (Pb) 0.46 37 1.33 Zinc (Zn) 14 117 29 The concerted sampling programme conducted by Pettersson and Ingri (2000a, 2000b) showed very clearly that the concentrations of every determinant examined increased dramatically as a result of mining activities on the Zambian Copperbelt. In addition to the dissolved fraction, these authors also found very large concentrations of particulate material in the Kafue River, and that the concentrations of most heavy metals (Cobalt, Copper, Chrome, Lead, Zinc) were occasionally up to ten time higher (than the dissolved concentrations) as adsorbed ions onto the particulate material. These authors also found even higher concentrations of metals in sediment samples collected from the bed of the Kafue River. Overall, Pettersson and Ingri (2000a, 2000b) have concluded that the background geology and soils of the Zambian Copperbelt are able to neutralize most of the dissolved seepage and effluent discharge from the copper-cobalt mining operations, but that the process of neutralization results in most of the material entering the particulate phase that is then sedimented out of the water column. Wetland areas located downstream of the Zambian Copperbelt are able to trap large quantities of this particulate material so that very little reaches the lower Kafue River or the Zambezi River. Whilst the predominance of heavy metals as (suspended) particulate material or as components within the river sediments suggests that they are likely to have very little effect on aquatic biota and other water users, these metals will become available as soon as the sediments and particulate material are oxidized. This could pose several important water quality problems for water resource managers in the area. cxix
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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Table 4.22: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
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of amenity or deterioration in wate
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Typically, river flows in the count
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In simple terms, all of the propone
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shared by more than one country, es
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most appropriate technical or inves
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CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
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1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
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1997). In future studies, more atte
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Section 5 briefly reviews the water
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Mining methods vary widely and depe
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Removal and storage of ores and was
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These effects are usually ameliorat
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Water quality changes are widely co
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these substances are often mobilize
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The acidification of the water has
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and kinetic stability of the comple
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This process is carefully balanced
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neutralize each other - this situat
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(Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
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Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
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Page 71 and 72: The draft policy encourages develop
Page 73 and 74: provides a definition but one which
Page 75 and 76: 2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
Page 77 and 78: Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
Page 79 and 80: Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
Page 81 and 82: of Natural Resources and the South
Page 83 and 84: 3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
Page 85 and 86: Air temperatures across the Zambezi
Page 87 and 88: or fuelwood production. Similar pat
Page 89 and 90: Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
Page 91 and 92: 3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
Page 93 and 94: The Botswana segment of this area f
Page 95 and 96: 3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
Page 97 and 98: 3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
Page 99 and 100: 3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
Page 101 and 102: 3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
Page 103 and 104: 3.7.2 Mining and mineral processing
Page 105 and 106: 3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
Page 107 and 108: 3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
Page 109 and 110: 3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
Page 111 and 112: Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
Page 113 and 114: 3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
Page 115 and 116: 3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
Page 117: • Increased quantities of suspend
Page 121 and 122: 3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
Page 123 and 124: The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
Page 125 and 126: Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
Page 127 and 128: along the major roads between Chiru
Page 129 and 130: 3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
Page 131 and 132: Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
Page 133 and 134: Small intrusions of Greenstone form
Page 135 and 136: Several stretches of streams and ri
Page 137 and 138: 3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
Page 139 and 140: 3.18.6 Implications for water quali
Page 141 and 142: 3.19.1.6 Human impacts on water res
Page 143 and 144: 3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
Page 145 and 146: 3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
Page 147 and 148: Table 3.21: Mining operations in th
Page 149 and 150: The only settlements of any size ar
Page 151 and 152: 3.23.1 General description 3.23.1.1
Page 153 and 154: 3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
Page 155 and 156: • Non-point impact from minefield
Page 157 and 158: This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
Page 159 and 160: The catchment falls mainly under th
Page 161 and 162: The two lone water quality data poi
Page 163 and 164: • Non-point domestic effluent, ru
Page 165 and 166: Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
Page 167 and 168: 3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
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3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
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Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
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Sanyati, all may well contribute or
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3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
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This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
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3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
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3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
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Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
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The major settlements are the metro
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3.34.6 Implications for water quali
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• Urban run off, urban areas of C
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3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
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3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
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The catchment falls under the Harar
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3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
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widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
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3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
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4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
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Mountains. Most of the basin consis
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the City of Pretoria and the northe
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continues to flow in the deeper all
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Each basin state maintains its own
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Land use in the upper parts of the
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the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
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None obtainable in time for this re
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4.4.2 Mining and mineral processing
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In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
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4.5.5 Water quality data None avail
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4.6.5 Water quality data None avail
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Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
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4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
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There is exploration for diamonds (
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There is exploration, mainly for di
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Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
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4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
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• Major non-point impact of agric
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Several thermal springs are located
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• Disposal of large volumes of li
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D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
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4.15.1 General description 4.15.1.1
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Most of the clayey loam soils in th
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4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
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4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
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4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
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Water quality data for three sites
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supplies in the sub-catchment, the
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4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
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• Minor non-point impact from non
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4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
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4.21.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
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5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
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Soil formations across the Olifants
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indices of per capita agricultural
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professional capacity within the me
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• Dark grey to blackish, mottled
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5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
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Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
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The following mining operations are
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5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
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5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
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K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
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local geological formations. High c
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The South African Department of Wat
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pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
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Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
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No information is available on the
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In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
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The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
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m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
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In the south-west of the sub-catchm
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• Minor non-point impact of agric
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(Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
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5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
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5.10.6 Implications for water quali
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In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
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• Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
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• Decreased light penetration to
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6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
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Worldwide, the general public has e
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2. That copies of this report shoul
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Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
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CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
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Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
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Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
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Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
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Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
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World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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