OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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Pollution • Decree Law No. 39193 of 1953 Fisheries and Wildlife Land and Water Resources • • • Decree Law No. 40040 of 1955 Decree Law No. 46186 of 1965 Legislative Edict No. 3574 of 1965 Botswana Water Resources • • Water Act, 1968 Boat Regulations Environment Atmosphere • • • Declaration of Infested Waters National Conservation Strategy Atmospheric Pollution (Prevention) Act, No. 18 of 1971 Heath • Declaration of Controlled Areas Order, No 109 of 1979 • • • Factories Act Sanitary Accommodation Regulations Public Health Act Mines, Quarries, Works • Mines, Quarries, Works and Machinery Act Lesotho Water • Water Resources Act No. 22 of 1978 Malawi Environmental Management • Environmental Management Act, No. 23 of 1996 Land Use Management Fisheries • • • National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1992 Land Act of 1965 Fisheries Management & Conservation Act of 1997 Water • Water Resources Act of 1969, and its Amendment of 1978 Mozambique Land Water Resources • • Land Act, 1979 Water Act No. 16 of 1991 Mining Health / Pollution Environment • • • Mining Act, 1986 Pesticides Regulations, 1987 General Environment Act, No. 20 of 1997 Namibia Land / Water • • Water Act No. 54 of 1956 Water Amendment Act, No. 22 of 1985 • • • Minerals (Prospecting & Mining) Act, 1992 Soil Conservation Act, 1969 Agriculture (Commercial) Land Reform Act, 1995 Mines and Minerals • • Mines Regulations of 1993 Prospecting and Mining Act, No. 33 of Pollution 1992 • Agricultural Pests Act, 1973 • Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Health Ordinance, No. 11 of 1976 • Hazardous Substances Ordinance, Act No. 14 of 1974 • Machinery and Occupational Safety Act, No. 11 of 1992 • Labour Act of 1992 • Public Health Act, No. 36 of 1919 South Africa Environment • Environment Conservation Act No. 73 of 1989 • National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) No. 107 of 1998 • Environmental Laws Rationalization Act, No. 51 of 1997 Water • National Water Act, No. 36 of 1998 Health • • Water Services Act, No. 108 of 1997 Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act, No 45 of 1965 • Occupational Health and Safety Act, No. 85 of 1993 • National Health Act, No. 63 of 1977 Minerals and Mining Miners Health • • • Labour Relations Act No. 66 of 1995 Minerals Act No. 50 of 1991 Mine Health and Safety Act No. 29 of 1996 • • Mines and Works Act No. 27 of 1956 Mineral and Energy laws Amendment Act, No. 47 of 1994 lxiv
Swaziland Water Environment Tanzania Fisheries Water Resources Mining Environment Petroleum Health Zambia Water Resources Health Land / Water Resources and Environment Mines and Minerals Zimbabwe Natural Resources Mines Pollution / Health / Atmosphere Land / Water Resources • Nuclear Energy Act, No. 46 of 1999 • • Water Act of 1967 Protection of Fresh Water Fish Act, 1938 • Swaziland Environment Authority Act, No. 15 of 1992 • • Fisheries Act, 1970 Water Utilization (Control & Regulation) Act, 1974 and Amendment, 1981 • • Mining Act, 1979 National Environment Management Act, 1983 • • • Petroleum Act, 1980 Public Health Ordinance CAP 336 Protection from Radiation Act, 1983 • • Water Act, Chapter 312 Water Pollution (Effluent and Wastewater) Regulations, 1993 • • Zambezi River Authority Act, 1986 Public Health Act, 1930 • • • Factories Act, 1967 Action for Smoke Damage Act, 1959 Air Pollution Control Regulations, 1996 • Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act No. 12 of 1990 • Environmental Protection Control (Environmental Regulations, 1997 Impact Assessment) • Natural Resources Conservation Act, 1970 • • • Petroleum Act, 1985 Explosives Act, 1974 Mines and Minerals Act, 1995 • Mining (Dumps) Regulations, Act 31 of 1995 • Mines and Minerals (Environmental) Regulations, 1997 • Mines and Minerals (Environmental • • Protection Fund), 1998 Natural Resources Act, 1996 Parks and Wildlife Act, 1998 • • • Mines and Minerals Act, 1996 Explosives Act, 1972 Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act, 1971 • Water Act of 1977 and its Amendment of 1998 • Hazardous Substances and Articles Act, 1961 2.9 Legal and policy frameworks that influence or control mining and minerals processing activities in Zimbabwe 2.9.1 Introduction Zimbabwe has a long history of mining, dating from at least the twelfth century. The early twentieth century colonial economy was primarily a settler mining economy. This dated back to the occupation of the country in the late nineteenth century. Indeed, Cecil Rhodes’ expectations of discovering a “Second Witwatersrand” in Mashonaland were a major motivating factor behind the occupation. This attitude towards mining has translated lxv
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
Page 13 and 14: Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
Page 15 and 16: Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
Page 17 and 18: Table 4.22: Mining operations in th
Page 19 and 20: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
Page 21 and 22: 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
Page 23 and 24: Box 1.2). Each research team is req
Page 25 and 26: The MRC cannot be held responsible
Page 27 and 28: of amenity or deterioration in wate
Page 29 and 30: Typically, river flows in the count
Page 31 and 32: In simple terms, all of the propone
Page 33 and 34: shared by more than one country, es
Page 35 and 36: most appropriate technical or inves
Page 37 and 38: CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
Page 39 and 40: 1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
Page 41 and 42: 1997). In future studies, more atte
Page 43 and 44: Section 5 briefly reviews the water
Page 45 and 46: Mining methods vary widely and depe
Page 47 and 48: Removal and storage of ores and was
Page 49 and 50: These effects are usually ameliorat
Page 51 and 52: Water quality changes are widely co
Page 53 and 54: these substances are often mobilize
Page 55 and 56: The acidification of the water has
Page 57 and 58: and kinetic stability of the comple
Page 59 and 60: This process is carefully balanced
Page 61 and 62: neutralize each other - this situat
Page 63: (Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
Page 67 and 68: Draft Environmental Management Bill
Page 69 and 70: siting of works plan for approval t
Page 71 and 72: The draft policy encourages develop
Page 73 and 74: provides a definition but one which
Page 75 and 76: 2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
Page 77 and 78: Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
Page 79 and 80: Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
Page 81 and 82: of Natural Resources and the South
Page 83 and 84: 3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
Page 85 and 86: Air temperatures across the Zambezi
Page 87 and 88: or fuelwood production. Similar pat
Page 89 and 90: Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
Page 91 and 92: 3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
Page 93 and 94: The Botswana segment of this area f
Page 95 and 96: 3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
Page 97 and 98: 3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
Page 99 and 100: 3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
Page 101 and 102: 3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
Page 103 and 104: 3.7.2 Mining and mineral processing
Page 105 and 106: 3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
Page 107 and 108: 3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
Page 109 and 110: 3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
Page 111 and 112: Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
Page 113 and 114: 3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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• Increased quantities of suspend
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Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
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3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
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The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
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Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
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along the major roads between Chiru
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3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
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Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
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Small intrusions of Greenstone form
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Several stretches of streams and ri
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3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
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3.18.6 Implications for water quali
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3.19.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
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3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
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Table 3.21: Mining operations in th
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The only settlements of any size ar
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3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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• Non-point impact from minefield
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This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
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The catchment falls mainly under th
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The two lone water quality data poi
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• Non-point domestic effluent, ru
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Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
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3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
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3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
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Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
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Sanyati, all may well contribute or
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3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
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This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
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3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
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3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
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Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
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The major settlements are the metro
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• Urban run off, urban areas of C
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3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
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3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
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The catchment falls under the Harar
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3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
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widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
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3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
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4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
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Mountains. Most of the basin consis
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the City of Pretoria and the northe
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continues to flow in the deeper all
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Each basin state maintains its own
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Land use in the upper parts of the
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the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
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None obtainable in time for this re
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4.4.2 Mining and mineral processing
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In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
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4.5.5 Water quality data None avail
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4.6.5 Water quality data None avail
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Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
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4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
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There is exploration for diamonds (
Page 239 and 240:
There is exploration, mainly for di
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
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4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
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• Major non-point impact of agric
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Several thermal springs are located
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• Disposal of large volumes of li
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D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Most of the clayey loam soils in th
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4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
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4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
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4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
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Water quality data for three sites
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supplies in the sub-catchment, the
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4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
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• Minor non-point impact from non
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4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
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4.21.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
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5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
Page 287 and 288:
Soil formations across the Olifants
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indices of per capita agricultural
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professional capacity within the me
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• Dark grey to blackish, mottled
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5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
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Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
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The following mining operations are
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5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
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5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
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K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
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local geological formations. High c
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The South African Department of Wat
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pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
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Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
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No information is available on the
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In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
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The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
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m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
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In the south-west of the sub-catchm
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• Minor non-point impact of agric
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(Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
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5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
Page 337 and 338:
Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
Page 339 and 340:
• Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
Page 341 and 342:
• Decreased light penetration to
Page 343 and 344:
6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
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Worldwide, the general public has e
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2. That copies of this report shoul
Page 349 and 350:
Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
Page 351 and 352:
CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
Page 353 and 354:
Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
Page 355 and 356:
Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
Page 357 and 358:
Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
Page 359 and 360:
Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
Page 361 and 362:
World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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