OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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Most of the water used in the sub-catchment is consumed by formal (large-scale) and small-scale irrigation in the central reaches of the Levuvhu River and Mutale River (Midgley et al., 1999). Most farms and settlements that are locate away from river channels in the sub-catchment rely heavily on water supplied from local boreholes and small farm dams. Livestock are watered at small natural springs on the hill slopes or at watering points along the river channels. The large urban centre of Thohoyandou is one of the largest water users in the sub-catchment, with water being supplied to domestic users as well as a wide variety of light industries. A relatively small volume of water is transferred from this sub-catchment to the Sand sub-catchment to supplement water supplies to the town of Louis Trichardt. 4.22.1.5 Water management systems The South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), through its office in Thohoyandou, is responsible for the management of all aspects of water supply and water use in the Levuvhu sub-catchment. The Department operates a routine system of flow gauging at the four major water supply dams in the subcatchment and particular attention is paid to monitoring the quantity of water supplied to irrigation schemes, towns and the Tshikondeni Colliery. Some surveys of the sub-catchment’s ground water potential have been carried out by DWAF so as to facilitate selection of appropriate locations for water supply boreholes. Irrigation Boards are locally responsible for providing allocations of water for irrigation, though they are not responsible for the quality of the water supplied or for the quality of any irrigation return flows that seep back to nearby watercourses. 4.22.1.6 Human impacts on water resources (excluding mining) The following activities can be expected to impact on water resources in the Levuvhu sub-catchment: • Minor seepage from solid waste disposal sites (rubbish dumps) at the towns and most larger settlements; • Discharge of effluent (domestic and light industrial) from Thohoyandou; • Non-point domestic effluent from numerous small settlements and farms; • Minor non-point impact from non-intensive subsistence agriculture; • Non-point impacts of agricultural return flows from intensive irrigation areas; and • Litter and domestic garbage along the roads that traverse the sub-catchment. 4.22.2 Mining and mineral processing operations The following mining operations are of interest in this sub-catchment (Figures 4.2 and 4.3; Table 4.25). Table 4.25: Mining operations in the Levuvhu sub-catchment. cclxxxii
Code Number Name of Mine Commodity (ies) Mined cclxxxiii Status Relative Size Probable Impact A8-2 Mutale Pegmatite minerals Abandoned Small Very low A8-3 Pafuri Graphite Abandoned Very small Very low A8-4 Tshikondeni Coal Operating Medium Low-Medium A8-8 Nyala Magnesite Operating Small Very low 4.22.3 Alluvial mining None known, though alluvial diamond deposits are understood to be present along the lower reaches of the Limpopo River adjacent to this sub-catchment. 4.22.4 Monitoring systems The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) Regional office in Pietersburg carries out irregular monitoring of river flows and water quality in this sub-catchment, as well as limited monitoring of a few boreholes. 4.22.5 Water quality data Water quality data for two sites along the Mutale River (middle and lower reaches) and one site of the Levuvhu River (lower reaches) were obtained from the Department of water Affairs and Forestry. These data are presented in Table 4.26. Table 4.26: Average annual values of a range of water quality characteristics at three DWAF sampling sites on the Mutale and Levuvhu rivers, Levuvhu sub-catchment. (Data derived from DWAF water quality records; all values are given in mg/litre unless otherwise stated). Sampling Site Water Quality Constituent Middle Mutale Lower Mutale Lower Levuvhu (A9H004) (A9H008) (A9H010) PH (log units) 6.85 7.90 7.78 Electrical conductivity (mS/m) 7.4 12.9 15.8 Total Dissolved Salts 48 95 99 Ca 4.6 10.1 10.3 Mg 2.7 5.4 5.7 Na 5.2 7.6 10.5 K 0.26 2.12 1.17 Total Alkalinity (mg CaCO3) 19.4 46.6 41.1 Cl 8.4 8.8 18.3
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
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of amenity or deterioration in wate
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Typically, river flows in the count
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In simple terms, all of the propone
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shared by more than one country, es
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most appropriate technical or inves
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CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
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1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
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1997). In future studies, more atte
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Section 5 briefly reviews the water
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Mining methods vary widely and depe
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Removal and storage of ores and was
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These effects are usually ameliorat
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Water quality changes are widely co
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these substances are often mobilize
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The acidification of the water has
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and kinetic stability of the comple
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This process is carefully balanced
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neutralize each other - this situat
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(Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
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Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
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Draft Environmental Management Bill
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siting of works plan for approval t
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The draft policy encourages develop
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provides a definition but one which
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2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
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Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
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Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
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of Natural Resources and the South
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3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
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Air temperatures across the Zambezi
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or fuelwood production. Similar pat
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Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
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3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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The Botswana segment of this area f
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3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
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3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
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3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
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3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
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3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
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3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
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Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
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3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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• Increased quantities of suspend
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Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
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3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
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The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
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Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
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along the major roads between Chiru
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3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
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Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
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Small intrusions of Greenstone form
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Several stretches of streams and ri
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3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
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3.18.6 Implications for water quali
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3.19.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
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3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
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The only settlements of any size ar
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3.23.1 General description 3.23.1.1
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3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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• Non-point impact from minefield
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This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
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The catchment falls mainly under th
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The two lone water quality data poi
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• Non-point domestic effluent, ru
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Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
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3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
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3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
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Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
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Sanyati, all may well contribute or
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3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
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This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
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3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
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3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
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Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
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The major settlements are the metro
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• Urban run off, urban areas of C
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3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
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3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
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The catchment falls under the Harar
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3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
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widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
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3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
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3.39.2 Mining and mineral processin
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4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
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Mountains. Most of the basin consis
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the City of Pretoria and the northe
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continues to flow in the deeper all
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Each basin state maintains its own
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Land use in the upper parts of the
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the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
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None obtainable in time for this re
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In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
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4.5.5 Water quality data None avail
Page 231 and 232: 4.6.5 Water quality data None avail
Page 233 and 234: Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
Page 235 and 236: 4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
Page 237 and 238: There is exploration for diamonds (
Page 239 and 240: There is exploration, mainly for di
Page 241 and 242: 4.10.2 Mining and mineral processin
Page 243 and 244: Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
Page 245 and 246: 4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
Page 247 and 248: 4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
Page 249 and 250: • Major non-point impact of agric
Page 251 and 252: Several thermal springs are located
Page 253 and 254: • Disposal of large volumes of li
Page 255 and 256: D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
Page 257 and 258: 4.15.1 General description 4.15.1.1
Page 259 and 260: 4.15.2 Mining and mineral processin
Page 261 and 262: Most of the clayey loam soils in th
Page 263 and 264: 4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
Page 265 and 266: 4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
Page 267 and 268: 4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
Page 269 and 270: Water quality data for three sites
Page 271 and 272: supplies in the sub-catchment, the
Page 273 and 274: 4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
Page 275 and 276: • Minor non-point impact from non
Page 277 and 278: 4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
Page 279 and 280: 4.21.1.6 Human impacts on water res
Page 281: 4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
Page 285 and 286: 5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
Page 287 and 288: Soil formations across the Olifants
Page 289 and 290: indices of per capita agricultural
Page 291 and 292: professional capacity within the me
Page 293 and 294: • Dark grey to blackish, mottled
Page 295 and 296: 5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
Page 297 and 298: Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
Page 299 and 300: The following mining operations are
Page 301 and 302: 5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
Page 303 and 304: 5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
Page 305 and 306: K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
Page 307 and 308: local geological formations. High c
Page 309 and 310: The South African Department of Wat
Page 311 and 312: pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
Page 313 and 314: Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
Page 315 and 316: No information is available on the
Page 317 and 318: In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
Page 319 and 320: The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
Page 321 and 322: m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
Page 323 and 324: In the south-west of the sub-catchm
Page 325 and 326: • Minor non-point impact of agric
Page 327 and 328: (Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
Page 329 and 330: 5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
Page 331 and 332: y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
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In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
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• Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
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• Decreased light penetration to
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6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
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Worldwide, the general public has e
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2. That copies of this report shoul
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Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
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CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
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Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
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Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
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Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
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Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
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World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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