OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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3.24.5 Water quality data None available from ZINWA. The following data (Table 3.24) covers actual discharge from Wankie Colliery. Table 3.24: Actual Discharge from Wankie Colliery, after Chenje and others (1998). pH 8.4 Conductivity 290.5µS/cm TDS 1699.4ppm Total hardness clvi 109.0ppm Alkalinity 601.2ppm BOD 180.0ppm COD 3600ppm Ammonia 2.7ppm N HCO3 - NO3 - 733.5ppm Cl - 171.9ppm PO4 3- 0.6ppm SO4 2- 1589.6ppm 20.8ppm N Na 88.0ppm Fe 1.4ppm K 15.6ppm Mg 11.0ppm Ca 27.3ppm K 15.6ppm 3.24.6 Implications for water quality and quantity management In the absence of any water quality data from the Deka River, it is only possible to make some general interpretations. The major concern is Wankie Colliery and Hwange Power Station. The production of coal and pyrite, and the conversion of coal to coke, is likely to be associated with acid mine drainage, and release of iron and sulphate into the Deka River. However, the data provided by Chenje et al. (1998) suggests that ammonia and nitrate, presumably from explosive residues, may also be a problem. Fly ash and hot water effluent from the power station are also possible areas of concern. 3.25 The Gwayi sub-catchment 3.25.1 General description 3.25.1.1 Hydrology
This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6, IN and L of Area A (ZSG, 1984). The large Gwayi Sub-catchment comprises over half of Matabeleland North Province, stretching from the Devil’s Gorge on the Zambezi River in the north to the City of Bulawayo on the central watershed (Figure 3.2). The Gwayi River is perennial, as are its major tributaries, the Shangani and Bembezi Rivers. The two major wetlands in the sub-catchment are the central Shangani valley (Zone S4 and the eastern part of Zone S2 of Area A of ZSG (1984)) and the Dandari Vlei at the head of the Lukosi River (southern Zone L of Area A; ZSG, (1984)). 3.25.1.2 Geology See Figure 3.6 (ZGS, 1999). Karoo Supergroup rocks, covered by Kalahari Sands in many areas, underlie the northern and central thirds of the sub-catchment. The Karoo System rocks are broken by the crystalline Kamativi-Dete Inlier. The Archaean Zimbabwe Craton, comprising granitic terrain and the Bulawayo, Inyati and Midlands Greenstone Belts, underlies the southern third of the sub-catchment. 3.25.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and land use Soils in the sub-catchment can be divided into five groups: • Kalahari Sands; • Very shallow, gravelly soils derived from Upper Karoo sediments and basalts; • Moderately deep sandy soils derived from Lower Karoo sediments; • Shallow to moderately shallow clays and loams formed from Greenstone Belt rocks; • Moderately shallow, coarse-grained sandy, kaolinitic soils derived from granites (DRSS, 1979). The sub-catchment lies generally within Natural Region IV: fairly low rainfall of 450mm to 650mm per annum (ZSG, 1997; Surveyor General and AGRITEX, 1998). Land use is mainly Communal Lands in the northern and central areas and commercial and resettlement farming in the south (ZSG, 1998). Farming is generally extensive to semi-extensive: livestock and a few drought resistant crops. In parts of the southeast, irrigation allows the growing of more sensitive crops on the commercial farms. There is some Parks & Wildlife Land and Forestry Commission Land42 in the northwest. The major settlements are the Cities of Bulawayo in the far southeast and Gweru in the far east, Nkayi Village and Lupane Town in the central area and Kamativi and Dete Villages in the north. The most densely populated areas away from the cities are Lupane and Nkayi Communal lands in the central area and the Resettlement Areas in Bubi and Umguza Districts (ZSG, 1998). 42 Hwange National Park, Deka Safari Area and Sikumi, Ngamo and Gwayi group Forest Lands clvii
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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Table 4.22: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
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of amenity or deterioration in wate
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Typically, river flows in the count
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In simple terms, all of the propone
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shared by more than one country, es
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most appropriate technical or inves
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CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
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1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
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1997). In future studies, more atte
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Section 5 briefly reviews the water
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Mining methods vary widely and depe
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Removal and storage of ores and was
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These effects are usually ameliorat
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Water quality changes are widely co
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these substances are often mobilize
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The acidification of the water has
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and kinetic stability of the comple
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This process is carefully balanced
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neutralize each other - this situat
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(Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
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Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
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Draft Environmental Management Bill
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siting of works plan for approval t
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The draft policy encourages develop
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provides a definition but one which
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2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
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Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
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Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
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of Natural Resources and the South
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3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
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Air temperatures across the Zambezi
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or fuelwood production. Similar pat
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Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
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3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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The Botswana segment of this area f
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3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
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3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
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3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
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3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
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Page 105 and 106: 3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
Page 107 and 108: 3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
Page 109 and 110: 3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
Page 111 and 112: Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
Page 113 and 114: 3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
Page 115 and 116: 3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
Page 117 and 118: • Increased quantities of suspend
Page 119 and 120: Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
Page 121 and 122: 3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
Page 123 and 124: The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
Page 125 and 126: Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
Page 127 and 128: along the major roads between Chiru
Page 129 and 130: 3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
Page 131 and 132: Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
Page 133 and 134: Small intrusions of Greenstone form
Page 135 and 136: Several stretches of streams and ri
Page 137 and 138: 3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
Page 139 and 140: 3.18.6 Implications for water quali
Page 141 and 142: 3.19.1.6 Human impacts on water res
Page 143 and 144: 3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
Page 145 and 146: 3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
Page 147 and 148: Table 3.21: Mining operations in th
Page 149 and 150: The only settlements of any size ar
Page 151 and 152: 3.23.1 General description 3.23.1.1
Page 153 and 154: 3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
Page 155: • Non-point impact from minefield
Page 159 and 160: The catchment falls mainly under th
Page 161 and 162: The two lone water quality data poi
Page 163 and 164: • Non-point domestic effluent, ru
Page 165 and 166: Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
Page 167 and 168: 3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
Page 169 and 170: 3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
Page 171 and 172: 3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
Page 173 and 174: Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
Page 175 and 176: Sanyati, all may well contribute or
Page 177 and 178: 3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
Page 179 and 180: This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
Page 181 and 182: 3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
Page 183 and 184: 3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
Page 185 and 186: Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
Page 187 and 188: Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
Page 189 and 190: The major settlements are the metro
Page 191 and 192: 3.34.6 Implications for water quali
Page 193 and 194: • Urban run off, urban areas of C
Page 195 and 196: 3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
Page 197 and 198: 3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
Page 199 and 200: The catchment falls under the Harar
Page 201 and 202: 3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
Page 203 and 204: widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
Page 205 and 206: 3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
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3.39.2 Mining and mineral processin
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4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
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Mountains. Most of the basin consis
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the City of Pretoria and the northe
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continues to flow in the deeper all
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Each basin state maintains its own
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Land use in the upper parts of the
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the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
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None obtainable in time for this re
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In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
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4.5.5 Water quality data None avail
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4.6.5 Water quality data None avail
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Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
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4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
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There is exploration for diamonds (
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There is exploration, mainly for di
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Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
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4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
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• Major non-point impact of agric
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Several thermal springs are located
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• Disposal of large volumes of li
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D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
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4.15.1 General description 4.15.1.1
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Most of the clayey loam soils in th
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4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
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4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
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4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
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Water quality data for three sites
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supplies in the sub-catchment, the
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4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
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• Minor non-point impact from non
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4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
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4.21.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
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5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
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Soil formations across the Olifants
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indices of per capita agricultural
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professional capacity within the me
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• Dark grey to blackish, mottled
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5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
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Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
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The following mining operations are
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5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
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5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
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K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
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local geological formations. High c
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The South African Department of Wat
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pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
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Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
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No information is available on the
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In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
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The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
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m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
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In the south-west of the sub-catchm
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• Minor non-point impact of agric
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(Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
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5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
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5.10.6 Implications for water quali
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In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
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• Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
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• Decreased light penetration to
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6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
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Worldwide, the general public has e
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2. That copies of this report shoul
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Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
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CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
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Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
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Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
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Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
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Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
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World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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