OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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This is Zones UF1-UF4 of Area C (ZSG, 1984). The Mupfure River is a major tributary of the Sanyati River (see Section 3.9; Figure 3.2). 3.30.1.2 Geology See Figure 3.6 (ZGS, 1999). The sub-catchment is generally underlain by crystalline rocks: granitic terrain southeast of Chegutu, the Midlands Greenstone Belt in the Chegutu – Chakari area, Magondi Supergroup metasediments and gneisses in the area around Chirau and Chigaro. The Great Dyke cuts north to south across the sub-catchment, through Kutama and Selous. An outlier of Upper Karoo sediments underlies the area south of Beatrice. 3.30.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and land use Soils in the sub-catchment can be divided into six groups: • Very shallow, gravelly soils in the lower Mupfure valley; • Moderately shallow hydromorphic silty clay loams, derived from the Magondi rocks; • Moderately deep kaolinitic sandy clay loams and deep kaolinitic clays formed from Greenstone Belt rocks; • Moderately shallow sands and loamy sands, formed from Upper Karoo sediments; • Moderately shallow, coarse grained sandy, kaolinitic soils derived from granites, sodic in places; and • Deep clays on the Great Dyke (DRSS, 1979). The lower Mupfure valley lies within Natural Region III: high rainfall and deep soils; the upper Mupfure valley is within Region IIb: high rainfall of up to 1000mm per annum and deep soils (ZSG, 1997; Surveyor General and AGRITEX, 1998). Land use is mainly commercial farming, private and resettlement land with Communal Lands in the southeast (ZSG, 1998). Farming is generally intensive cash crops or livestock production. The major settlements are Chegutu and Chakari Towns, with settlements along the road and rail link between Kadoma and Harare. 3.30.1.4 Surface water users Chegutu and Chakari Towns draw water from the Mupfure River. Irrigation by commercial agriculture is a major water user. clxxvi
3.30.1.5 Water management systems The sub-catchment falls under the Sanyati Catchment Council of ZINWA. 3.30.1.6 Human impacts on water resources (excluding mining) The following could be expected to have an impact on water resources: • Landfills, urban areas of Chegutu and Chakari; • Disposal of liquid effluent, urban areas of Chegutu and Chakari; • Urban run off, urban areas of Chegutu and Chakari; • Non-point domestic effluent, rural areas; • Non-point impact of agriculture (pesticides, fertilizers, etc), throughout the sub-catchment; • Non-point impact of irrigation in redistribution of river waters; and • Fuel loss and litter on the main roads and railways. 3.30.2 Mining and mineral processing operations The catchment falls under the Harare and Kadoma Mining Districts (ZGS, 1995). The main mining activities are gold mining in the Greenstone Belt and platinum and chrome along the Great Dyke (Figures 3.6, 3.7 and 3.8). Table 3.30: Mining operations in the Mupfure sub-catchment. Name Commodity Status Total produced /t clxxvii Potential Impact Dalny Gold In operation 64.0 High: Arsenic possible Giant Gold Closed 17.5 High: Arsenic possible Pickstone Gold 11.7 High: Arsenic possible Tom Kaolin Closed 1984 28199.0 Low Lambourne Limestone Closed 1978 166018 Low Perserverane Nickel Closed 1980 4657.0 High: AMD possible Hartley(Selous) Palladium Operations suspended High Hartley (Selous) Platinum Operations suspended High See ZGS (1988a) and ZGS (1988b) for locations. There is exploration for nickel, copper, PGEs, diamond, gold, silver and platinum (ZGS, 2001).
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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Table 4.22: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
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of amenity or deterioration in wate
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Typically, river flows in the count
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In simple terms, all of the propone
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shared by more than one country, es
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most appropriate technical or inves
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CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
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1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
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1997). In future studies, more atte
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Section 5 briefly reviews the water
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Mining methods vary widely and depe
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Removal and storage of ores and was
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These effects are usually ameliorat
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Water quality changes are widely co
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these substances are often mobilize
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The acidification of the water has
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and kinetic stability of the comple
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This process is carefully balanced
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neutralize each other - this situat
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(Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
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Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
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Draft Environmental Management Bill
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siting of works plan for approval t
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The draft policy encourages develop
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provides a definition but one which
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2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
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Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
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Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
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of Natural Resources and the South
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3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
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Air temperatures across the Zambezi
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or fuelwood production. Similar pat
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Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
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3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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The Botswana segment of this area f
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3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
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3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
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3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
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3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
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3.7.2 Mining and mineral processing
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3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
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3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
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Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
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3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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• Increased quantities of suspend
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Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
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3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
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The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
Page 125 and 126: Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
Page 127 and 128: along the major roads between Chiru
Page 129 and 130: 3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
Page 131 and 132: Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
Page 133 and 134: Small intrusions of Greenstone form
Page 135 and 136: Several stretches of streams and ri
Page 137 and 138: 3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
Page 139 and 140: 3.18.6 Implications for water quali
Page 141 and 142: 3.19.1.6 Human impacts on water res
Page 143 and 144: 3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
Page 145 and 146: 3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
Page 147 and 148: Table 3.21: Mining operations in th
Page 149 and 150: The only settlements of any size ar
Page 151 and 152: 3.23.1 General description 3.23.1.1
Page 153 and 154: 3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
Page 155 and 156: • Non-point impact from minefield
Page 157 and 158: This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
Page 159 and 160: The catchment falls mainly under th
Page 161 and 162: The two lone water quality data poi
Page 163 and 164: • Non-point domestic effluent, ru
Page 165 and 166: Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
Page 167 and 168: 3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
Page 169 and 170: 3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
Page 171 and 172: 3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
Page 173 and 174: Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
Page 175: Sanyati, all may well contribute or
Page 179 and 180: This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
Page 181 and 182: 3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
Page 183 and 184: 3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
Page 185 and 186: Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
Page 187 and 188: Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
Page 189 and 190: The major settlements are the metro
Page 191 and 192: 3.34.6 Implications for water quali
Page 193 and 194: • Urban run off, urban areas of C
Page 195 and 196: 3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
Page 197 and 198: 3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
Page 199 and 200: The catchment falls under the Harar
Page 201 and 202: 3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
Page 203 and 204: widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
Page 205 and 206: 3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
Page 207 and 208: 3.39.2 Mining and mineral processin
Page 209 and 210: 4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
Page 211 and 212: Mountains. Most of the basin consis
Page 213 and 214: the City of Pretoria and the northe
Page 215 and 216: continues to flow in the deeper all
Page 217 and 218: Each basin state maintains its own
Page 219 and 220: Land use in the upper parts of the
Page 221 and 222: the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
Page 223 and 224: None obtainable in time for this re
Page 225 and 226: 4.4.2 Mining and mineral processing
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In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
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Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
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4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
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There is exploration for diamonds (
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There is exploration, mainly for di
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4.10.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
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4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
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• Major non-point impact of agric
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Several thermal springs are located
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• Disposal of large volumes of li
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D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
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4.15.1 General description 4.15.1.1
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4.15.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Most of the clayey loam soils in th
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4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
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4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
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4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
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Water quality data for three sites
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supplies in the sub-catchment, the
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4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
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• Minor non-point impact from non
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4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
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4.21.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
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5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
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Soil formations across the Olifants
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indices of per capita agricultural
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professional capacity within the me
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• Dark grey to blackish, mottled
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5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
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Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
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The following mining operations are
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5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
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5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
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K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
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local geological formations. High c
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The South African Department of Wat
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pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
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Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
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No information is available on the
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In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
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The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
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m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
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In the south-west of the sub-catchm
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• Minor non-point impact of agric
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(Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
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5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
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5.10.6 Implications for water quali
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In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
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• Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
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• Decreased light penetration to
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6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
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Worldwide, the general public has e
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2. That copies of this report shoul
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Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
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CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
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Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
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Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
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Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
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Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
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World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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