OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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Most of the clayey loam soils would be suitable for commercial agriculture if sufficient water were available. However, most of the land use is given over to small-scale irrigation along river courses, and the raising of small and large livestock and game animals. All irrigation water use occurs within Government Water Control Areas situated along the main river channels. The main crops produced consist of Cotton, Sorghum and Maize, with some cultivation of citrus and soft fruits. Several small towns with some light industry and mining operations are present. 4.13.1.4 Surface water users All towns and settlements in the sub-catchment rely on water supplied from the larger impoundments, or from run-of-river abstraction points and, occasionally, from local boreholes. Most of the water used in the subcatchment is consumed by the numerous irrigation schemes in the Government Water Control Areas along the Marico River and the South African bank of the Limpopo River. 4.13.1.5 Water management systems The South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry is responsible for the management of all water supply and water use in the sub-catchment. Close liaison is maintained between the Department and their Botswana colleagues for the supply of water to Gaborone from the Marico Dam. The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) operates a comprehensive system of flow gauging at all dams in the sub-catchment and particular attention is paid to monitoring the quantity of water supplied to irrigation schemes and towns, as well as some attention to the quality of agricultural return flows and effluent discharges to the Marico River. The quality of dolomite springs is monitored regularly. This sub-catchment (and its eastern neighbour, the Elands-Crocodile-Pienaarsrivier sub-catchment) are likely to become the first official Catchment Management Agency that will take over responsibility for al aspects of water resource management and water supply. The preliminary documentation is being finalized and catchment studies are either in progress or have been completed. 4.13.1.6 Human impacts on water resources (excluding mining) The following activities can be expected to have an impact on water resources in the sub-catchment: • Landfills and solid waste disposal sites at Zeerust, Groot Marico, Swartruggens and Derdepoort; • Disposal of liquid (domestic and some light industrial) effluent at Zeerust, Groot Marico, Swartruggens and Derdepoort; • Minor volumes of run off from urban areas; • Non-point domestic effluent from numerous small settlements and farms; • Minor non-point impact from non-intensive commercial or subsistence agriculture; ccxlviii
• Major non-point impact of agricultural return flows from intensive irrigation areas; and • Litter and domestic garbage alongside roads traversing the sub-catchment. 4.13.2 Mining and mineral processing operations The positions of the mining operations in the Marico sub-catchment are shown in Figures 4.2 and 4.3. Details of each operation are given in Table 4.13. Table 4.13: Mining operations in the Marico sub-catchment. Code Number Name of Mine Commodity (ies) Mined ccxlix Status Relative Size Probable Impact C6-4 Kameelboom Vanadium Prospecting Small Very low C6-6 Hightop Manganese Manganese Prospecting Small Very low C6-7 Dwaalboom Dolomite/Limestone Operating Medium Very low C6-26 Marico Fibre Chrysotile asbestos Prospecting Small Very low C6-27 Marico Andalusite A Andalusite Prospecting Small Very low D6-1 Zeerust Chrome Operating Medium Low – Medium D6-2 Marico Chrome Operating Medium Low – Medium D6-3 Nietverdiend Chrome Operating Medium Low – Medium D6-16 Androfax Andalusite Operating Medium Low D6-17 Helam Diamond - kimberlite Operating Medium Low D6-27 Witkop Marico Fluorspar Operating Medium Low – Medium D6-47 Autumn Slate Dimension stone Operating Small Low D6-49 Rosmincol Dimension stone Operating Medium Low D6-50 Marico Prospect A Lead Prospecting Small Very low D6-51 Marico Prospect B Lead Prospecting Small Very low D6-52 Witkop Mangaan A Manganese Prospecting Small Very low D6-53 Witkop Mangaan B Manganese Prospecting Small Very low D6-54 Marico Andalusite B Vanadium, Andalusite Prospecting Small Very low 4.13.3 Alluvial mining None known or anticipated. 4.13.4 Monitoring systems The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry have provided data for the Malmanie Eye and the Rhenosterfontein Eye, both of which are dolomitic springs in the headwaters of the sub-catchment. No specific details of monitoring of agricultural return flows or effluent discharges could be obtained in time for this report.
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
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of amenity or deterioration in wate
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Typically, river flows in the count
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In simple terms, all of the propone
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shared by more than one country, es
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most appropriate technical or inves
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CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
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1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
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1997). In future studies, more atte
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Section 5 briefly reviews the water
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Mining methods vary widely and depe
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Removal and storage of ores and was
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These effects are usually ameliorat
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Water quality changes are widely co
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these substances are often mobilize
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The acidification of the water has
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and kinetic stability of the comple
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This process is carefully balanced
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neutralize each other - this situat
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(Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
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Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
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Draft Environmental Management Bill
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siting of works plan for approval t
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The draft policy encourages develop
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provides a definition but one which
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2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
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Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
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Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
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of Natural Resources and the South
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3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
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Air temperatures across the Zambezi
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or fuelwood production. Similar pat
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Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
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3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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The Botswana segment of this area f
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3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
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3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
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3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
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3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
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3.7.2 Mining and mineral processing
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3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
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3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
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Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
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3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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• Increased quantities of suspend
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Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
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3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
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The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
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Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
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along the major roads between Chiru
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3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
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Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
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Small intrusions of Greenstone form
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Several stretches of streams and ri
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3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
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3.18.6 Implications for water quali
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3.19.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
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3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
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The only settlements of any size ar
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3.23.1 General description 3.23.1.1
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3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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• Non-point impact from minefield
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This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
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The catchment falls mainly under th
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The two lone water quality data poi
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• Non-point domestic effluent, ru
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Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
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3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
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3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
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Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
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Sanyati, all may well contribute or
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3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
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This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
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3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
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3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
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Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
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The major settlements are the metro
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• Urban run off, urban areas of C
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3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
Page 197 and 198: 3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
Page 199 and 200: The catchment falls under the Harar
Page 201 and 202: 3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
Page 203 and 204: widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
Page 205 and 206: 3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
Page 207 and 208: 3.39.2 Mining and mineral processin
Page 209 and 210: 4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
Page 211 and 212: Mountains. Most of the basin consis
Page 213 and 214: the City of Pretoria and the northe
Page 215 and 216: continues to flow in the deeper all
Page 217 and 218: Each basin state maintains its own
Page 219 and 220: Land use in the upper parts of the
Page 221 and 222: the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
Page 223 and 224: None obtainable in time for this re
Page 225 and 226: 4.4.2 Mining and mineral processing
Page 227 and 228: In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
Page 229 and 230: 4.5.5 Water quality data None avail
Page 231 and 232: 4.6.5 Water quality data None avail
Page 233 and 234: Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
Page 235 and 236: 4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
Page 237 and 238: There is exploration for diamonds (
Page 239 and 240: There is exploration, mainly for di
Page 243 and 244: Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
Page 245 and 246: 4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
Page 247: 4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
Page 251 and 252: Several thermal springs are located
Page 253 and 254: • Disposal of large volumes of li
Page 255 and 256: D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
Page 257 and 258: 4.15.1 General description 4.15.1.1
Page 261 and 262: Most of the clayey loam soils in th
Page 263 and 264: 4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
Page 265 and 266: 4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
Page 267 and 268: 4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
Page 269 and 270: Water quality data for three sites
Page 271 and 272: supplies in the sub-catchment, the
Page 273 and 274: 4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
Page 275 and 276: • Minor non-point impact from non
Page 277 and 278: 4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
Page 279 and 280: 4.21.1.6 Human impacts on water res
Page 281 and 282: 4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
Page 283 and 284: Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
Page 285 and 286: 5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
Page 287 and 288: Soil formations across the Olifants
Page 289 and 290: indices of per capita agricultural
Page 291 and 292: professional capacity within the me
Page 293 and 294: • Dark grey to blackish, mottled
Page 295 and 296: 5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
Page 297 and 298: Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
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The following mining operations are
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5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
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5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
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K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
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local geological formations. High c
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The South African Department of Wat
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pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
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Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
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No information is available on the
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In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
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The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
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m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
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In the south-west of the sub-catchm
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• Minor non-point impact of agric
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(Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
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5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
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In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
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• Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
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• Decreased light penetration to
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6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
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Worldwide, the general public has e
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2. That copies of this report shoul
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Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
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CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
Page 353 and 354:
Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
Page 355 and 356:
Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
Page 357 and 358:
Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
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Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
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World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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