OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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Leek Quartz Closed 1984 384338.0 Low Osage Silver Open in 1984 5.9 Medium: AMD possible Athi Talc Closed 1968 2633.0 Low Gwaai Tantalum Closed 1981 34.6 Low Kamativi Tantalum Closed 1984 559.1 Low Lutope Tantalum Closed 1979 7.8 Low Wolf Cub Tantalum Closed 1968 8.2 Low Gwaai Tin Closed 1983 454.7 Low Kamativi Tin Closed 1980s 23834.0 Medium Lutope Tin Closed 1983 996.000 Low RHA Tungsten Closed 1979 1247.7 Low For locations, see ZGS (1988a) and ZGS (1988b). There is considerable exploration taking place in the south, mainly for gold, silver, nickel, diamonds, asbestos and various base metals, and a single EPO for diamonds and garnet south of Hwange (ZGS, 2001). 3.25.3 Alluvial mining Chiyanike (1997) has reported alluvial mining of gold from the Gwayi, Shangani and Bembezi Rivers. It may also take place in tributaries of these rivers, especially the Mguza and Gweru. 3.25.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA has a number of water quality monitoring points on the Gwayi and Mgusa Rivers. It is in the process of establishing regular monthly sampling operations. Some mines carry out their own monitoring. 3.25.5 Water quality data Water quality data are available from ZINWA for two monitoring stations on the Mgusa River. 3.25.6 Implications for water quality and quantity management clx
The two lone water quality data points lie in an area of historical gold mining, and it is possible that this activity may relate to the elevated levels of total dissolved and suspended solids and sodium reported in the diagrams above. However, it is more likely that this effect arises from the impact of the City of Bulawayo, some few kilometres upstream. Mining and minerals processing operations in the sub-catchment that have high potential impact fall into groups: • Various gold mines in the Bubi Greenstone Belt, which might contribute arsenic and acid mine drainage; • Shangani mine, which might contribute acid mine drainage and metals such as nickel, copper and cobalt; • Pilgrim mine in the Bubi Greenstone Belt, now closed, may still contribute mercury contamination • Gothic mine in the Lower Gweru Greenstone Belt, which may contribute acid mine drainage and metals such as nickel, copper and cobalt antimony • Alluvial gold mining in the Upper Gwayi River and its tributaries • Lead and tin mining in the Kamativi-Dete Inlier • The Kamativi tin smelter, now defunct The larger gold, tin and nickel mines all have large waste rock and tailing dumps. Thus it can be seen that the major impact of mining operations in the sub-catchment is likely to come from the Greenstone Belts that lie in the headwaters of the Gwayi and its tributaries. Such impact as they have is therefore likely to be felt to some extent, throughout the river system, although dilution will have an effect over distance. There is no significant impact of mining in the Lupane – Nkayi (central) areas, but mining once again has a potential impact on the river system in the Kamativi area, where shallow soils increase water system vulnerability. 3.26 The Sebungwe and Lwizilukulu sub-catchments 3.26.1 General description 3.26.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones Z2 and R of Area A (ZSG, 1984). The area comprises a series of small sub-catchments, whose rivers flow from the Chizarira Plateau into Lake Kariba. The largest of these rivers are the Mlibizi, Sebungwe and Lwizilukulu (Rwizi Ruhuru). None are perennial (Figure 3.2). There is a small wetland associated with the Chibwatata Hot Springs, near Binga Town. 3.26.1.2 Geology clxi
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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Table 4.22: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
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of amenity or deterioration in wate
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Typically, river flows in the count
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In simple terms, all of the propone
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shared by more than one country, es
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most appropriate technical or inves
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CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
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1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
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1997). In future studies, more atte
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Section 5 briefly reviews the water
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Mining methods vary widely and depe
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Removal and storage of ores and was
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These effects are usually ameliorat
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Water quality changes are widely co
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these substances are often mobilize
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The acidification of the water has
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and kinetic stability of the comple
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This process is carefully balanced
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neutralize each other - this situat
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(Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
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Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
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Draft Environmental Management Bill
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siting of works plan for approval t
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The draft policy encourages develop
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provides a definition but one which
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2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
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Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
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Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
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of Natural Resources and the South
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3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
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Air temperatures across the Zambezi
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or fuelwood production. Similar pat
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Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
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3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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The Botswana segment of this area f
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3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
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3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
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3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
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3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
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3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
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3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
Page 109 and 110: 3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
Page 111 and 112: Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
Page 113 and 114: 3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
Page 115 and 116: 3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
Page 117 and 118: • Increased quantities of suspend
Page 119 and 120: Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
Page 121 and 122: 3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
Page 123 and 124: The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
Page 125 and 126: Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
Page 127 and 128: along the major roads between Chiru
Page 129 and 130: 3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
Page 131 and 132: Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
Page 133 and 134: Small intrusions of Greenstone form
Page 135 and 136: Several stretches of streams and ri
Page 137 and 138: 3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
Page 139 and 140: 3.18.6 Implications for water quali
Page 141 and 142: 3.19.1.6 Human impacts on water res
Page 143 and 144: 3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
Page 145 and 146: 3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
Page 147 and 148: Table 3.21: Mining operations in th
Page 149 and 150: The only settlements of any size ar
Page 151 and 152: 3.23.1 General description 3.23.1.1
Page 153 and 154: 3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
Page 155 and 156: • Non-point impact from minefield
Page 157 and 158: This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
Page 159: The catchment falls mainly under th
Page 163 and 164: • Non-point domestic effluent, ru
Page 165 and 166: Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
Page 167 and 168: 3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
Page 169 and 170: 3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
Page 171 and 172: 3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
Page 173 and 174: Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
Page 175 and 176: Sanyati, all may well contribute or
Page 177 and 178: 3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
Page 179 and 180: This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
Page 181 and 182: 3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
Page 183 and 184: 3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
Page 185 and 186: Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
Page 187 and 188: Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
Page 189 and 190: The major settlements are the metro
Page 191 and 192: 3.34.6 Implications for water quali
Page 193 and 194: • Urban run off, urban areas of C
Page 195 and 196: 3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
Page 197 and 198: 3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
Page 199 and 200: The catchment falls under the Harar
Page 201 and 202: 3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
Page 203 and 204: widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
Page 205 and 206: 3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
Page 207 and 208: 3.39.2 Mining and mineral processin
Page 209 and 210: 4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
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Mountains. Most of the basin consis
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the City of Pretoria and the northe
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continues to flow in the deeper all
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Each basin state maintains its own
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Land use in the upper parts of the
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the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
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None obtainable in time for this re
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In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
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4.5.5 Water quality data None avail
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4.6.5 Water quality data None avail
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Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
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4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
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There is exploration for diamonds (
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There is exploration, mainly for di
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4.10.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
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4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
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• Major non-point impact of agric
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Several thermal springs are located
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• Disposal of large volumes of li
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D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
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4.15.1 General description 4.15.1.1
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4.15.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Most of the clayey loam soils in th
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4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
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4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
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4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
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Water quality data for three sites
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supplies in the sub-catchment, the
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4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
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• Minor non-point impact from non
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4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
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4.21.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
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5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
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Soil formations across the Olifants
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indices of per capita agricultural
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professional capacity within the me
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• Dark grey to blackish, mottled
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5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
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Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
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The following mining operations are
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5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
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5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
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K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
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local geological formations. High c
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The South African Department of Wat
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pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
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Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
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No information is available on the
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In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
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The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
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m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
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In the south-west of the sub-catchm
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• Minor non-point impact of agric
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(Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
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5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
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5.10.6 Implications for water quali
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In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
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• Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
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• Decreased light penetration to
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6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
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Worldwide, the general public has e
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2. That copies of this report shoul
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Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
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CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
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Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
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Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
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Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
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Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
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World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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