OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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3.11.4 Monitoring systems Sporadic water quality monitoring is carried out at Solwezi. 3.11.5 Water quality data None available. 3.11.6 Implications for water quality and quantity management None, bar minor adverse effects of increased soil erosion around new mining operations and close to prospecting trenches. If mines become operational, acid mine drainage is also possible. 3.12 The Upper Kafue sub-catchment 3.12.1 General description 3.12.1.1 Hydrology The Upper Kafue River is the probably the most important river in Zambia as it drains the mineral and economic heartland of the country. The river flows south-westwards, draining the eastern portion of the watershed between Northern Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo (Figure 3.4), before swinging southwards to join the Lunga River and enter the Kafue Floodplain. Flows are highly seasonal though there is no information available as to the size of the flows. cxiv
3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment is underlain predominantly by copper-rich sandstones, quartzites, arenites and conglomerates of the Copperbelt region. The region hosts substantial deposits of copper and cobalt, and has several emerald-bearing pegmatites. Large deposits of high-grade limestone are found at Ndola, the site of a very large cement works. Very large numbers of pegmatite deposits and intrusions of Greenstone formations in the eastern portion of this sub-catchment hold good prospects for gemstones and gold. Zinc and lead are found in the south near the well-known Broken Hill deposit at the town of Kabwe. 3.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and land use The soils consist almost entirely of deep, well-leached ferralitic soils. Subsistence agriculture occurs on the richer soils located on floodplain levees along the riverbanks. Considerable numbers of people have flocked to the Copperbelt towns of Ndola, Kitwe, Luanshya, Mufulira, Chingola, Chililabombwe, Kalulushi and Chambishi in search of work or to join their families. Each of the Copperbelt towns now has enormous numbers of informal settlements around its periphery, accompanied by extensive areas of subsistence agriculture. Large-scale devegetation takes place as people use the Miombo (Brachystegia) woodlands for fuelwood. These peripheral impacts can be considered as both “indirect” and “cumulative” impacts linked to mining operations. A Landsat TM image (Figure 3.15) provides an overview of the extent of the impacted area associated with the different Copperbelt mining towns. 3.12.1.4 Surface water users All of the towns use substantial quantities of water for domestic and industrial purposes and the mining operations also use considerable volumes of water. The numerous small “informal” settlements and communities around the periphery of the Copperbelt towns rely on shallow hand-dug wells in nearby dambos, or draw water directly from nearby rivers and streams. 3.12.1.5 Water management systems This area falls under the management of the Zambian Department of Water Affairs, Copperbelt office. cxv
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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Table 4.22: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
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of amenity or deterioration in wate
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Typically, river flows in the count
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In simple terms, all of the propone
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shared by more than one country, es
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most appropriate technical or inves
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CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
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1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
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1997). In future studies, more atte
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Section 5 briefly reviews the water
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Mining methods vary widely and depe
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Removal and storage of ores and was
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These effects are usually ameliorat
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Water quality changes are widely co
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these substances are often mobilize
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The acidification of the water has
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and kinetic stability of the comple
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This process is carefully balanced
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neutralize each other - this situat
Page 63 and 64: (Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
Page 65 and 66: Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
Page 67 and 68: Draft Environmental Management Bill
Page 69 and 70: siting of works plan for approval t
Page 71 and 72: The draft policy encourages develop
Page 73 and 74: provides a definition but one which
Page 75 and 76: 2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
Page 77 and 78: Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
Page 79 and 80: Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
Page 81 and 82: of Natural Resources and the South
Page 83 and 84: 3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
Page 85 and 86: Air temperatures across the Zambezi
Page 87 and 88: or fuelwood production. Similar pat
Page 89 and 90: Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
Page 91 and 92: 3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
Page 93 and 94: The Botswana segment of this area f
Page 95 and 96: 3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
Page 97 and 98: 3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
Page 99 and 100: 3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
Page 101 and 102: 3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
Page 103 and 104: 3.7.2 Mining and mineral processing
Page 105 and 106: 3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
Page 107 and 108: 3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
Page 109 and 110: 3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
Page 111 and 112: Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
Page 113: 3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
Page 117 and 118: • Increased quantities of suspend
Page 119 and 120: Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
Page 121 and 122: 3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
Page 123 and 124: The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
Page 125 and 126: Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
Page 127 and 128: along the major roads between Chiru
Page 129 and 130: 3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
Page 131 and 132: Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
Page 133 and 134: Small intrusions of Greenstone form
Page 135 and 136: Several stretches of streams and ri
Page 137 and 138: 3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
Page 139 and 140: 3.18.6 Implications for water quali
Page 141 and 142: 3.19.1.6 Human impacts on water res
Page 143 and 144: 3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
Page 145 and 146: 3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
Page 147 and 148: Table 3.21: Mining operations in th
Page 149 and 150: The only settlements of any size ar
Page 151 and 152: 3.23.1 General description 3.23.1.1
Page 153 and 154: 3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
Page 155 and 156: • Non-point impact from minefield
Page 157 and 158: This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
Page 159 and 160: The catchment falls mainly under th
Page 161 and 162: The two lone water quality data poi
Page 163 and 164: • Non-point domestic effluent, ru
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Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
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3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
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3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
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Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
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Sanyati, all may well contribute or
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3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
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This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
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3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
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3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
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Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
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The major settlements are the metro
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3.34.6 Implications for water quali
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• Urban run off, urban areas of C
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3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
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3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
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The catchment falls under the Harar
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3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
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widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
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3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
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4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
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Mountains. Most of the basin consis
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the City of Pretoria and the northe
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continues to flow in the deeper all
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Each basin state maintains its own
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Land use in the upper parts of the
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the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
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None obtainable in time for this re
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4.4.2 Mining and mineral processing
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In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
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4.5.5 Water quality data None avail
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4.6.5 Water quality data None avail
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Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
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4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
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There is exploration for diamonds (
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There is exploration, mainly for di
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Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
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4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
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• Major non-point impact of agric
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Several thermal springs are located
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• Disposal of large volumes of li
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D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
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4.15.1 General description 4.15.1.1
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Most of the clayey loam soils in th
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4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
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4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
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4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
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Water quality data for three sites
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supplies in the sub-catchment, the
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4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
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• Minor non-point impact from non
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4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
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4.21.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
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5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
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Soil formations across the Olifants
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indices of per capita agricultural
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professional capacity within the me
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• Dark grey to blackish, mottled
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5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
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Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
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The following mining operations are
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5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
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5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
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K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
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local geological formations. High c
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The South African Department of Wat
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pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
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Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
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No information is available on the
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In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
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The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
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m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
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In the south-west of the sub-catchm
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• Minor non-point impact of agric
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(Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
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5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
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5.10.6 Implications for water quali
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In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
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• Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
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• Decreased light penetration to
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6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
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Worldwide, the general public has e
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2. That copies of this report shoul
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Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
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CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
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Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
Page 355 and 356:
Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
Page 357 and 358:
Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
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Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
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World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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