OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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Land use in the lower reaches of the Olifants River and its few episodic tributaries consists entirely of smallscale subsistence agriculture and some irrigation, with most cultivated areas being located on flood terraces close to stream and river channels. Some Mozambican settlements also grow a few Mango and Cashew Nut trees and raise a few livestock. No towns of any size occur within the sub-catchment. 5.11.1.4 Surface water users Water use within this sub-catchment consists almost entirely of rain-fed subsistence agriculture and irrigation. Domestic water supplies to the small settlements located in this sub-catchment are provided primarily from hand-dug wells. 5.11.1.5 Water management systems The Mozambican Department of Water Affairs is responsible for management of water supplies and water quality in this sub-catchment. 5.11.1.6 Human impacts on water resources (excluding mining) The following activities can be expected to have an impact on water resources in the lower Olifants subcatchment: • De-vegetation and other forms of veld degradation, leading to increased erosion and loads of suspended sediments in streams and rivers; • Non-point domestic effluent from numerous small settlements; and • Minor non-point impact from non-intensive commercial or subsistence agriculture; 5.11.2 Mining and mineral processing operations None known. 5.11.3 Alluvial mining None known or anticipated. 5.11.4 Monitoring systems cccxxxiv
In Mozambique, the Mozambican Department of Water Affairs monitors flows in the Olifants River downstream of the confluence of the Olifants and Shingwedzi rivers as part of its regulation of irrigation water to the Chokwe irrigation Scheme. 5.11.5 Water quality data No water quality data are available for this sub-catchment. 5.11.6 Implications for water quality and quantity management The complete absence of any information on possible mining activities in this sub-catchment prevents conclusions being drawn. 5.12 Summary of impacts of mining operations on water resources of the Olifants basin The wide variety of mining operations and mineral processing activities located within the Olifants basin have differing degrees of impact on both the water resources available to other users and on the water quality of these resources. From the available data, it seems clear that those mining operations that are located within low rainfall regions of the basin (predominantly the north-eastern and eastern regions, where physical weathering processes dominate) have relatively low and/or localized impacts on the water resources. In contrast, mining operations located in the wetter regions of the basin (predominantly the southern regions, where chemical weathering processes prevail) tend to have far more extensive impacts. This seems to be due to the presence of ample moisture within the soil profile that enables continual chemical changes to take place and allows the water available to mobilize and transport the different contaminants that become available. A summarized overview of the actual and anticipated impacts of mining operations and mineral processing plants in each sub-catchment of the Olifants basin is given in Table 5.17. This information provides a useful impression that could be used to focus water resource management plans and water quality management plans in the different component areas of the Olifants basin. cccxxxv
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
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of amenity or deterioration in wate
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Typically, river flows in the count
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In simple terms, all of the propone
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shared by more than one country, es
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most appropriate technical or inves
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CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
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1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
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1997). In future studies, more atte
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Section 5 briefly reviews the water
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Mining methods vary widely and depe
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Removal and storage of ores and was
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These effects are usually ameliorat
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Water quality changes are widely co
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these substances are often mobilize
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The acidification of the water has
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and kinetic stability of the comple
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This process is carefully balanced
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neutralize each other - this situat
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(Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
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Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
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Draft Environmental Management Bill
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siting of works plan for approval t
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The draft policy encourages develop
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provides a definition but one which
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2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
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Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
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Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
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of Natural Resources and the South
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3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
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Air temperatures across the Zambezi
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or fuelwood production. Similar pat
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Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
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3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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The Botswana segment of this area f
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3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
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3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
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3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
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3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
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3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
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3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
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Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
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3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
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• Increased quantities of suspend
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Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
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3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
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The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
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Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
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along the major roads between Chiru
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3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
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Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
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Small intrusions of Greenstone form
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Several stretches of streams and ri
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3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
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3.18.6 Implications for water quali
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3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
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3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
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The only settlements of any size ar
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3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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• Non-point impact from minefield
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This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
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The catchment falls mainly under th
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The two lone water quality data poi
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• Non-point domestic effluent, ru
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Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
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3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
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3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
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3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
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Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
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Sanyati, all may well contribute or
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3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
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This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
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3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
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3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
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Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
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The major settlements are the metro
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3.34.6 Implications for water quali
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• Urban run off, urban areas of C
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3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
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3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
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The catchment falls under the Harar
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3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
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widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
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3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
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4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
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Mountains. Most of the basin consis
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the City of Pretoria and the northe
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continues to flow in the deeper all
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Each basin state maintains its own
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Land use in the upper parts of the
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the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
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None obtainable in time for this re
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In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
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Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
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4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
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There is exploration for diamonds (
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There is exploration, mainly for di
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Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
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4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
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• Major non-point impact of agric
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Several thermal springs are located
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• Disposal of large volumes of li
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D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
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Most of the clayey loam soils in th
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4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
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4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
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4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
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Water quality data for three sites
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supplies in the sub-catchment, the
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4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
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• Minor non-point impact from non
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4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
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4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
Page 283 and 284: Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
Page 285 and 286: 5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
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Page 289 and 290: indices of per capita agricultural
Page 291 and 292: professional capacity within the me
Page 293 and 294: • Dark grey to blackish, mottled
Page 295 and 296: 5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
Page 297 and 298: Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
Page 299 and 300: The following mining operations are
Page 301 and 302: 5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
Page 303 and 304: 5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
Page 305 and 306: K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
Page 307 and 308: local geological formations. High c
Page 309 and 310: The South African Department of Wat
Page 311 and 312: pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
Page 313 and 314: Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
Page 315 and 316: No information is available on the
Page 317 and 318: In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
Page 319 and 320: The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
Page 321 and 322: m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
Page 323 and 324: In the south-west of the sub-catchm
Page 325 and 326: • Minor non-point impact of agric
Page 327 and 328: (Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
Page 329 and 330: 5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
Page 331 and 332: y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
Page 333: 5.10.6 Implications for water quali
Page 337 and 338: Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
Page 339 and 340: • Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
Page 341 and 342: • Decreased light penetration to
Page 343 and 344: 6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
Page 345 and 346: Worldwide, the general public has e
Page 347 and 348: 2. That copies of this report shoul
Page 349 and 350: Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
Page 351 and 352: CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
Page 353 and 354: Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
Page 355 and 356: Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
Page 357 and 358: Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
Page 359 and 360: Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
Page 361 and 362: World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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