OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING ON THE ... - IIED pubs

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• Urban run off from towns and villages; • Non-point sources of domestic effluent in the urban and rural areas; • Contaminated (fertilizers and pesticides) return flows from larger farms; and • Litter and garbage on the main road between Lusaka and Chipata. 3.17.2 Mining and mineral processing operations There are several small alluvial gold operations in the area, with many artisan miners managing to eke out a living. In addition, numerous artisan miners also extract semiprecious stones (especially garnet and aquamarine) from pegmatites in the Lundazi District. The Tazara diamond kimberlite appears to be promising (Table 3.16; Figure 3.4). The old asbestos mine at Lukusuzi has been abandoned. Table 3.16: Mining operations in the Luangwa sub-catchment. Code Number Name of Mine Commodity (ies) Mined cxxxiv Status Relative Size Probable Impact Z-1 Mbeya Aquamarine Operating Very Small Very low – Low Z-2 Chama-A Garnet Operating Very Small Very low Z-3 Chama-B Aquamarine, Garnet Operating Small Low Z-4 Lundazi-A Aquamarine Operating Artisan (many) Very low Z-5 Lundazi Coal Operating Small Low Z-6 Lundazi-B Aquamarine Operating Very Small Very low Z-7 Lukusuzi Chrysotile asbestos Abandoned Small Very low Z-8a Lundazi-C Aquamarine Operating Small Very low – Low Z-8b Lundazi Claims Aquamarine Abandoned Artisan (many) Very low Z-9 Tazara Diamond – kimberlite Prospecting Very small Very low Z-10 Sasore Gold – alluvial Operating Small Low Z-12 Nyimba-A Aquamarine Operating Small Very low Z-13 Nyimba-B Aquamarine Operating Small Very low Z-14 Luangwa Gold – alluvial Prospecting Small Low Z-16 Hillcrest Gold – alluvial Prospecting Small Low Z-63 Mpongo Lead, Zinc Prospecting Medium Low Z-64 Chipirinyuma Lead, Zinc Prospecting Medium Low Z-68 Chipata claims Gold - alluvial Operating Artisan (many) Low - Medium 3.17.3 Alluvial mining
Several stretches of streams and rivers near Chipata are worked by artisan miners for gold. Further prospecting may reveal additional gold deposits along the Luangwa Mobile Belt and its associated Greenstone formations. 3.17.4 Monitoring systems The Zambian Department of Water Affairs carries out occasional sampling of water to test the quality of water supplied to towns. 3.17.5 Water quality data None available. 3.17.6 Implications for water quality and quantity management There is some evidence to suggest that the artisan mining operations near Lundazi have contributed small amounts of suspended material to nearby rivers. There appears to be no evidence of any other impact due to mining activities in this sub-catchment, possibly due to the dominance of physical weathering processes in the southern portion where most of the mines are located. 3.18 The Cahora Bassa (Mozambique) sub-catchment 3.18.1 General description 3.18.1.1 Hydrology This area comprises the Zambezi River zone that stretches from the town of Feira on the Zimbabwe-Zambia border down to the junction with the Mazowe River. A large number of seasonal and a few perennial streams drain northwards from Zimbabwe into this zone, as well as southwards from the Zambian and Malawi border. The very large Cahora Bassa dam is located here, upstream of the town of Tete. cxxxv
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF MINING
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exploited, the size of the facility
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2.3.6 Stockpiling and transport of
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4.1.6 Mining and mineral processing
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Compari
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Table 1.6: Minimum annual productio
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Table 3.26: Mining operations in th
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Table 4.22: Mining operations in th
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several enthusiast
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFO
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Box 1.2). Each research team is req
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The MRC cannot be held responsible
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of amenity or deterioration in wate
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Typically, river flows in the count
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In simple terms, all of the propone
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shared by more than one country, es
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most appropriate technical or inves
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CAMEROUN GABON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPU
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1.6.1 Data on the location, nature,
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1997). In future studies, more atte
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Section 5 briefly reviews the water
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Mining methods vary widely and depe
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Removal and storage of ores and was
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These effects are usually ameliorat
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Water quality changes are widely co
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these substances are often mobilize
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The acidification of the water has
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and kinetic stability of the comple
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This process is carefully balanced
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neutralize each other - this situat
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(Chenje, 2000). Despite the recent
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Swaziland Water Environment Tanzani
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Draft Environmental Management Bill
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siting of works plan for approval t
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The draft policy encourages develop
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provides a definition but one which
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2.9.3.9 Zimbabwe Environmental Impa
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Sector Activity Industry °Chemical
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Cyanides and related compounds (CN)
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of Natural Resources and the South
Page 83 and 84: 3.1.1 Geology, topography and soils
Page 85 and 86: Air temperatures across the Zambezi
Page 87 and 88: or fuelwood production. Similar pat
Page 89 and 90: Zambia. Clearly, some water quality
Page 91 and 92: 3.2.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
Page 93 and 94: The Botswana segment of this area f
Page 95 and 96: 3.4.1.4 Surface water users The onl
Page 97 and 98: 3.5.1.2 Geology The Upper Karoo Bat
Page 99 and 100: 3.5.6 Implications for water qualit
Page 101 and 102: 3.6.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.6.
Page 103 and 104: 3.7.2 Mining and mineral processing
Page 105 and 106: 3.8.1.5 Water management systems Th
Page 107 and 108: 3.9.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
Page 109 and 110: 3.9.5 Water quality data None avail
Page 111 and 112: Z-87 Mulobezi Amethyst Operating Ve
Page 113 and 114: 3.11.1.6 Human impacts on water res
Page 115 and 116: 3.12.1.2 Geology This sub-catchment
Page 117 and 118: • Increased quantities of suspend
Page 119 and 120: Determinant Fischer’s Farm Raglan
Page 121 and 122: 3.13.1.4 Surface water users There
Page 123 and 124: The Nampundwe pyrite mine poses a r
Page 125 and 126: Z-90 Chisuki Mica, Tin, Tantalite O
Page 127 and 128: along the major roads between Chiru
Page 129 and 130: 3.16.1 General description 3.16.1.1
Page 131 and 132: Z-17 Jessie Gold Starting Very Smal
Page 133: Small intrusions of Greenstone form
Page 137 and 138: 3.18.1.5 Water management systems T
Page 139 and 140: 3.18.6 Implications for water quali
Page 141 and 142: 3.19.1.6 Human impacts on water res
Page 143 and 144: 3.20 The Mazowe (Mozambique) sub-ca
Page 145 and 146: 3.20.4 Monitoring systems This area
Page 147 and 148: Table 3.21: Mining operations in th
Page 149 and 150: The only settlements of any size ar
Page 151 and 152: 3.23.1 General description 3.23.1.1
Page 153 and 154: 3.23.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
Page 155 and 156: • Non-point impact from minefield
Page 157 and 158: This is Zones G1-G6, B1-B3, S1-S6,
Page 159 and 160: The catchment falls mainly under th
Page 161 and 162: The two lone water quality data poi
Page 163 and 164: • Non-point domestic effluent, ru
Page 165 and 166: Land use comprises the Siabuwa, Oma
Page 167 and 168: 3.28 The Ume sub-catchment 3.28.1 G
Page 169 and 170: 3.28.4 Monitoring systems None. 3.2
Page 171 and 172: 3.29.1.4 Surface water users The Ci
Page 173 and 174: Thristle Etna Gold 6.7 Medium Tiger
Page 175 and 176: Sanyati, all may well contribute or
Page 177 and 178: 3.30.1.5 Water management systems T
Page 179 and 180: This is Zone Z1 of Area C (ZSG, 198
Page 181 and 182: 3.31.5 Water quality data Only one
Page 183 and 184: 3.32.2 Mining and mineral processin
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Land use above the Zambezi Escarpme
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Extensive alluvial mining of gold t
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The major settlements are the metro
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3.34.6 Implications for water quali
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• Urban run off, urban areas of C
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3.36.1.4 Surface water users The to
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3.37.1.1 Hydrology This is Zones M1
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The catchment falls under the Harar
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3.37.3 Alluvial mining Alluvial min
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widely intruded by Mashonaland Dole
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3.38.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is
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3.39.2 Mining and mineral processin
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4. THE LIMPOPO BASIN In order to pr
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Mountains. Most of the basin consis
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the City of Pretoria and the northe
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continues to flow in the deeper all
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Each basin state maintains its own
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Land use in the upper parts of the
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the Limpopo River some 100 kilometr
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None obtainable in time for this re
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4.4.2 Mining and mineral processing
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In the Botswana sector of the sub-c
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4.5.5 Water quality data None avail
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4.6.5 Water quality data None avail
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Table 4.9: Mining operations in the
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4.7.4 Monitoring systems ZINWA is c
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There is exploration for diamonds (
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There is exploration, mainly for di
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Hwange National Park (ZSG, 1998). A
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4.12.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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4.13 The Marico sub-catchment 4.13.
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• Major non-point impact of agric
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Several thermal springs are located
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• Disposal of large volumes of li
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D7-13 Premier Diamond - kimberlite
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4.15.1 General description 4.15.1.1
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Most of the clayey loam soils in th
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4.17 The Theuniskloof sub-catchment
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4.17.4 Monitoring systems The Depar
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4.18.1.4 Surface water users All of
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Water quality data for three sites
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supplies in the sub-catchment, the
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4.20.1.2 Geology Like the Mogalakwe
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• Minor non-point impact from non
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4.21 The Nzhelele sub-catchment 4.2
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4.21.1.6 Human impacts on water res
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4.22.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and
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Code Number Name of Mine Commodity
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5. THE OLIFANTS CATCHMENT In order
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Soil formations across the Olifants
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indices of per capita agricultural
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professional capacity within the me
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• Dark grey to blackish, mottled
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5.2.5 Water quality data No specifi
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Several towns (e.g. Witbank and Mid
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The following mining operations are
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5.3.6 Implications for water qualit
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5.4.1.3 Pedology, agriculture and l
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K 5.5 5 4.5 Cl 380 350 200 F 1.0 1.
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local geological formations. High c
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The South African Department of Wat
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pH 8.5 8.3 8.8 8.7 8.8 8.9 TDS 439
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Soils in the sub-catchment can be d
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No information is available on the
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In its upper reaches, the sub-catch
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The Phalaborwa Water Board has been
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m 3 /day) water abstractions, and m
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In the south-west of the sub-catchm
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• Minor non-point impact of agric
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(Figure 4.2). The tributaries of th
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5.9.1.6 Human impacts on water reso
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y the upper Klaserie River. Recent
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5.10.6 Implications for water quali
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In Mozambique, the Mozambican Depar
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) represents
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• Antimony, cadmium and tin conta
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• Decreased light penetration to
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6.1.8 “Peripheral” or indirect
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Worldwide, the general public has e
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2. That copies of this report shoul
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Banks, D., P.L. Younger, R.T. Arnes
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CSIR (1993). An Environmental Impac
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Fuggle, R.F. & M.A. Rabie (1996). E
Page 355 and 356:
Love, D. & D.K. Hallbauer (2000). M
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Pettersson, U.T. & J. Ingri (2000b)
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Turton, A.R. (1999b). Water scarcit
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World Bank (1998). World Developmen
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