Fisheries in the Southern Border Zone of Takamanda - Impact ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

112 Sunderland-Groves and Maisels hunting. Three highland sites were also selected for survey: Matene in the northern section of the Reserve, Obonyi I in the eastern part of the Reserve along the border with the Okwangwo division of Cross River National Park in Nigeria, and Basho on the western edge of the Reserve (Figure 2 in Chapter 1). The survey used standard line transect methods that are practiced widely in animal density censusing (Burnham et al. 1980, Buckland et al. 1993). General transect protocols followed White and Edwards (2000). Forest in the transects was cut just enough to allow one person to pass. All transects were marked at 25-m intervals with flagging tape and allowed to settle for a minimum of three days before they were walked and data collected. The reason was to ensure that the disturbance and noise caused by cutting the transects did not bias direct observations of mammals such as monkeys. In the lowland forest, 40 transects—all 2 km in length, except for one that measured 3 km (81 km in total) were laid out perpendicular to the main rivers, the Makone and the Oyi (20 along each river, each transect 1 km apart from and parallel to the next). In this manner, the rivers were sampled along much of their lengths within the Reserve, and vegetation on each side of the rivers was sampled in the same proportion as it occurs in the environment (Buckland et al. 1993). Four sampling sections, Makone River East, Makone River West, Oyi East, and Oyi West, contained 10 transects each and were surveyed during both the dry and wet seasons. The other two lowland sites were sampled only in the wet season. Sixteen transects were cut in submontane/ridge forest (8 km in total), five in the Matene and Obonyi 1 hills, and six in the Basho hills. An additional 6 km of baseline was used to calculate encounter rates in the submontane forest. Transect starting points were selected randomly from a map and located using GPS. The baseline was located parallel to the contour of the hill, and transects were cut perpendicular to it. Each transect was 500 m in length; longer transects would not have sampled the desired topographical areas. The three highland forest areas were surveyed only during the dry season as time constraints made it impossible to repeat Takamanda: the Biodiversity of an African Rainforest sampling of the highland strata during the wet season. Using portions of the baseline as separate transects is statistically invalid because they are not independent. The data collected included indirect mammal sign such as dung and tracks and direct observations (animals seen or heard). All evidence of human presence such as traps, snares, hunter paths, bush houses, spent cartridges, and gunshots was recorded to evaluate hunting pressures. Changes in topography and vegetation were also recorded along each transect. To standardize the sampling effort, the number of observers, speed of travel, and time of day were kept constant for each transect. Transects were not walked during heavy or medium rainfall because such conditions affect mammal movements and observer reliability. Additional reconnaissance surveys in the other vegetation types of the Reserve were carried out, especially in the higher altitude areas, and all signs of large mammals were recorded. 2.2 Data analysis Although the survey was designed to estimate densities of animals, there were too few observations to use the DISTANCE program (Thomas et al. 2002), which requires at least 60 observations per species per stratum. Thus, we used encounter rate (number of animals or their sign encountered per kilometer) as the standard unit to assess the relative abundance of animal (and human) sign. Analysis of differences between datasets were made using the Mann-Whitney U test; unless data was paired, where we used the Wilcoxon Paired Rank test (Siegel and Castellan 1988). 3 Results 3.1 Species presence Fifteen species of large mammal were recorded within the TFR, including forest elephant Loxodonta africana cyclotis in both lowland strata (Table 1). Of the eight primate species recorded, several are endemic, and some are internationally endangered. The gorilla Gorilla gorilla diehli is classified by IUCN (2002) as Critically
Large mammals assessment Table 1. Large mammal species recorded through transect and additional survey observations, Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon (S = Seen; H = Heard; T = Tracks seen; D = dung piles seen; P = path (where no fresh tracks were seen); F = feeding sign; N = nest; red duikers refers to all medium-sized duikers, as species could not be reliably separated) Order Species Proboscidea Loxodonta africana cyclotis Artiodactyla Potamochoerus porcus Hyemoschus aquaticus English name Makone River East Makone River West Oyi East Oyi West Forest elephant D, T D, T D, T P Obonyi 1 Hills Basho Hills Red river hog T T T T T T Giant forest hog T T T T Lowland Sites Highland Sites 113 Matene Hills Syncerus caffer Forest buffalo nanus T S, T T H Cephalophus silvicultor Yellow backed duiker T T T T Red duikers S, D, T S, T S, D, T T D, T T D, T Cephalophus monticola Primates Blue duiker S, H, D, T S, T S, H, T T D, T T Gorilla gorilla diehli Cross River gorilla N N, F D, N, F Pan troglodytes Chimpanzee vellerosus H, T, N H, D, N H, N N Mandrillus leucophaeus Drill D S Cercopithecus erythrotis Red-eared guenon S, H S S, H S, H H Cercopithecus mona Mona monkey S, H S, H S, H S, H S, H Cercopithecus nictitans Putty nosed guenon S, H S, H S, H S, H H H H Cercopithecus pogonias Crowned guenon H Cercopithecus preussi Preuss’s guenon S, H, D D S, H S H, F SI/MAB Series #8, 2003
Page 2 and 3:
Smithsonian Institution SI/MAB Biod
Page 4 and 5:
ii 10. Fisheries in the Southern Bo
Page 6 and 7:
Mercy Abwe Dione Dept. of Biology,
Page 8 and 9:
The Smithsonian Institution has lon
Page 10 and 11:
The editors of this publication ext
Page 12 and 13:
2 Sunderland-Groves et al. Figure 1
Page 14 and 15:
4 Sunderland-Groves et al. Rainfall
Page 16 and 17:
6 Sunderland-Groves et al. 7 Conser
Page 18 and 19:
8 Sunderland-Groves et al. Europe,
Page 20 and 21:
10 Comiskey and Dallmeier 2 Challen
Page 22 and 23:
12 Comiskey and Dallmeier 5 Adaptiv
Page 24 and 25:
14 Comiskey and Dallmeier identifie
Page 26 and 27:
16 Comiskey and Dallmeier 5.4 Evalu
Page 28 and 29:
18 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of a
Page 30 and 31:
20 Sunderland et al. preliminary la
Page 32 and 33:
22 Sunderland et al. avoided protru
Page 34 and 35:
24 Sunderland et al. Table 2. Summa
Page 36 and 37:
26 Sunderland et al. lowland forest
Page 38 and 39:
28 Sunderland et al. impressive cat
Page 40 and 41:
30 Sunderland et al. Herbaceous flo
Page 42 and 43:
32 Sunderland et al. Table 3. Compa
Page 44 and 45:
34 Sunderland et al. 5.5 Economic P
Page 46 and 47:
36 Sunderland et al. Table 5. Summa
Page 48 and 49:
38 Sunderland et al. monitoring pro
Page 50 and 51:
40 Sunderland et al. Letouzey, R. 1
Page 52 and 53:
42 Sunderland et al. Appendix 1. Pl
Page 54 and 55:
44 Sunderland et al. Agelaea pentag
Page 56 and 57:
46 Sunderland et al. Afzelia pachyl
Page 58 and 59:
48 Sunderland et al. Rhabdophyllum
Page 60 and 61:
50 Sunderland et al. Aningeria robu
Page 62 and 63:
52 Sunderland et al. Nervilia sp. P
Page 64 and 65:
54 Sunderland et al. g—2˜— @y
Page 66 and 67:
56 O’Kah f22 y2@w—˜A g—22@IE
Page 68 and 69:
58 O’Kah Table 3. Species found i
Page 70 and 71:
60 O’Kah Table 6. Indicators of s
Page 72 and 73: 62 O’Kah Larsen, T. B. 1997. Butt
Page 74 and 75: 64 O’Kah Appendix 1 (cont.). Chec
Page 76 and 77: 66 O’Kah Appendix 1 (cont.). Chec
Page 78 and 79: 68 O’Kah Species distribution Tak
Page 80 and 81: 70 O’Kah Species distribution Tak
Page 82 and 83: 72 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of a
Page 84 and 85: 74 h—2@y——A 2 IE2— y2@w—
Page 86 and 87: 76 The sites which have been survey
Page 88 and 89: 78 species from a phylogenetic poin
Page 90 and 91: 80 Appendix 1. Species list and sam
Page 92 and 93: 82 Family / Species Notes Locations
Page 94 and 95: 84 LeBreton et al. 3 Methods A team
Page 96 and 97: 86 LeBreton et al. Bothrolycus ater
Page 98 and 99: 88 LeBreton et al. an important par
Page 100 and 101: 90 LeBreton et al. Perret, J.-L. 19
Page 102 and 103: 92 LeBreton et al. Appendix 1 (cont
Page 104 and 105: 94 LeBreton et al. Appendix 1 (cont
Page 106 and 107: 96 Languy and Motombe f 5 q—2˜
Page 108 and 109: 98 Languy and Motombe Table 3. Thre
Page 110 and 111: 100 Languy and Motombe encroachment
Page 112 and 113: 102 Languy and Motombe Appendix 1.
Page 114 and 115: 104 Languy and Motombe Appendix 1 (
Page 124 and 125: 114 Sunderland-Groves and Maisels T
Page 126 and 127: 116 Sunderland-Groves and Maisels T
Page 128 and 129: 118 Sunderland-Groves and Maisels B
Page 130 and 131: 120 Sunderland-Groves and Maisels S
Page 132 and 133: 122 Sunderland-Groves and Maisels A
Page 138 and 139: 128 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of
Page 140 and 141: 130 Sunderland-Groves et al. In mor
Page 142 and 143: 132 Sunderland-Groves et al. proved
Page 144 and 145: 134 Sunderland-Groves et al. q—2
Page 146 and 147: 136 Sunderland-Groves et al. Table
Page 148 and 149: 138 Sunderland-Groves et al. from m
Page 150 and 151: 140 Sunderland-Groves et al. Sander
Page 152 and 153: 142 Mdaihli et al. Basin and is sep
Page 154 and 155: 144 Table 1. Type and number of fis
Page 156 and 157: 146 Migrating Labeo spp. make up 10
Page 158 and 159: 148 Mdaihli et al. Mochokidae Barbu
Page 160 and 161: 150 Monthly yield (t) 200 160 120 8
Page 162 and 163: 152 Mdaihli et al. of Forests Aroun
Page 164 and 165: 154 Mdaihli et al. Appendix 1 (cont
Page 166 and 167: 156 Sunderland et al. Table 1. Majo
Page 168 and 169: 158 Sunderland et al. resources and
Page 170 and 171: 160 Sunderland et al. No. of indivi
Page 172 and 173:
No. of individuals (n = 315) 200 15
Page 174 and 175:
No. of individuals (n = 1065) 1000
Page 176 and 177:
Gnetum spp. Piper guineensis Site T
Page 178 and 179:
Resource Impacts of seasonality Ava
Page 180 and 181:
Box. Large-scale exploitation of no
Page 182 and 183:
Sunderland, T. C. H. 2001. Cross Ri
Page 184 and 185:
174 Slayback 7 H S IH type of autom
Page 186 and 187:
176 Slayback (ridge or lowland). On
Page 188 and 189:
178 Slayback Table 2: Areas of outp
Page 190 and 191:
180 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of
Page 192:
182 Sunderland-Groves et al. Mone F
show all

Fisheries in the Southern Border Zone of Takamanda - Impact ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?