Fisheries in the Southern Border Zone of Takamanda - Impact ...

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Box. Large-scale exploitation of non-timber forest products (mostly medicinal plants) is subject to obtaining a permis d’exploitation. This permit determines the quantities to be exploited or collected within a specified geographic area. The length of the exploitation permit usually does not exceed one year (National Forestry Law no. 94/01; article 56; October 1994), except by special arrangement. The volume or amount of material allowed for exploitation depends on the desired material (fruits, bark, leaves, etc.). This quota is set by Cameroon’s Department of Forestry. However, even the most rudimentary baseline and monitoring data for estimating potential sustainable yield is woefully incomplete for most, if not all, taxa. Exploitation permits also apply to special products such as eru. Even if special products are found on lands belonging to private individuals, they remain the property of the state, except where they have been “acquired” by the individual concerned (although it is not specified how acquisition may take place). initiatives at planting bush mango have proved relatively successful, and there is considerable opportunity to improve the varieties planted through early-yield cultivars of bush mango developed by Dr. Jonathon Okafor. This could alleviate an often-heard concern of many community members that they bush mango takes many years to begin to bear fruit. In addition to bush mango, many residents of TFR showed enthusiasm for growing eru in home compounds. A number of Takamanda village Chiefs who visited Limbe Botanic Gardens in late 2000, where eru cultivation is well advanced, indicated considerable interest in this possibility. 4.9.6 Product diversification The heavy reliance on just a few forest resources for income at TFR can pose considerable hardship for some communities. The Matene area, in particular, is primarily dependent on the bush mango resource for access to the cash economy, leaving villagers vulnerable during years of poor production. Product diversification would make a huge difference in this community and others that also rely on two or three key products. For example, the Matene people have historically gathered honey for sale to other TFR communities, and the current value of this product (1,000 CFA/liter or about $1.30) could make this a viable income-generating activity. 4.9.7 Gender issues In contrast to the NTFP sector in other areas, there is considerable equity in the division of forest resource use and management at TFR. Women are active in the harvest and sale of NTFPs, particularly eru (harvesting only) and the harvest and local sale of njabe oil, njansang, and bush onion. Local development initiatives aimed at promoting and developing household strategies for improving incomes from NTFPs (for example, providing basic machinery for cracking njabe nuts and training in eru cultivation) would likely have a better chance of success if targeted to women’s groups within the communities. 5 Conclusions Forest resources such as Carpolobia and Randia that are harvested by non-indigenous peoples are removed with very few, if any, benefits accruing to TFR communities. Although harvest of these resources is unsustainable at current rates, MINEF has too few resources to protect these species. The rudimentary village systems for controlling forest resources (for example, Chiefs, village councils, and youth groups) are not fully capable of ensuring that an equitable share of the NTFP trade and benefits accrues to local communities. In addition, the highly porous Cameroon-Nigeria border and the lack of adequate guidelines for taxation of and revenue collection from the trade in NTFPs means that trade benefits are focused in the “informal” economy. The current rate of harvest of most NTFPs exceeds the ability of many species to regenerate, and the harvest of a number of species can be regarded as unsustainable. This is obvious for species such as Carpolobia and Randia, but there may also be deleterious long-term effects on regeneration from seed removal (bush mango) and the plucking of leaves (Gnetum spp.) that may be unquantifiable in the short term. Long-term monitoring
should be implemented both to determine the impacts of harvesting high-value NTFPs and to aid in devising guidelines for sustainable management of all NTFPs. There is considerable potential to introduce cultivation for some high value NTFPs, especially earlyyield cultivars of bush mango and eru for both household use and formal sale. Product diversification could help reduce the current heavy reliance on a few high-value NTFPs at TFR. Additional forest products should be investigated for their potential to contribute to household incomes. Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to all the Chiefs, village councils, youth groups, and resource users who provided the majority of the information contained within this paper. Special gratitude is extended to Yisa Emmanuel of Obonyi III for valuable insights into the NTFP trade and Tambe George for useful information regarding MINEF and the Forestry Law. Thanks also to PROFA Project Advisor Ms. Marina Mdaihli for her comments on the study report and for her support, both logistical and moral, throughout its preparation. Thanks to Dan Slayback for preparing the map. References Arnold, J. E. M., and M. Ruiz-Perez. 1996. Framing the issues relating to non-timber forest products research. Pp. 1-18 in: J. E. M. Arnold and M. Ruiz- Perez (eds.). Current Issues in Non-timber Forest Products Research. CIFOR, Bogor. Ayeni, J. S. O., and M. Mdaihli. 2001. Cameroonian- German (MINEF-GTZ) project for the Protection of Forests Around Akwaya (PROFA): Project planning workshop. Mamfe. Clark, L. E., and T. C. H. Sunderland. In press. CARPE: Building knowledge of the non-timber forest product sector in Central Africa. In: T. C. H. Sunderland and L. E. Clark (eds.). The Key Non-timber Forest Products of Central Africa: A State-of-theknowledge. University of Missouri Press, Missoula. Cunningham, A. B. 1999. The management of non-wood forest products in protected areas: Lessons of a case study in multiple-use in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Pp.143-160 in: T. C. H. Sunderland, L. E. Clark, and P. Vantomme (eds.). The Non-wood Forest Products of Central Africa: Current Research Issues and Prospects for Conservation and Development. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome.. Ebot, R. 2001. Project for the Protection of Forest Around Akwaya (PROFA). Paper presented at the PROFA planning workshop, Mamfe, 8th-13th May. Groves, J. L., and F. Maisels. 1999. Report on the Large Mammal Fauna of the Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon, with Special Emphasis on the Gorilla Population. Unpubl. report for World Wildlife Fund- Cameroon. Neumann, R. P., and E. Hirsch. 2000. Commercialisation of Non-timber Forest Products: Review and Analysis of Research. CIFOR, Bogor. Peters, C. M. 1996. Observations on the sustainable exploitation of non-timber forest products: An ecologist’s perspective. Pp. 19-40 in: J. E. M. Arnold and M. Ruiz-Perez (eds.). Current Issues in Nontimber Forest Products Research. CIFOR, Bogor. Schmidt-Soltau, K. 2001. Human Activities in and around the Takamanda Forest Reserve. Unpubl. report for PROFA, Mamfe. Sunderland, T. C. H. 2000. Report of a Reconnaissance Mission to the Takamanda Forest Reserve, SW Province, Cameroon. Unpubl. report for the Smithsonian Institution’s Monitoring and Assessment of Biodiversity Program (SI/MAB), Washington, DC.
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