Fisheries in the Southern Border Zone of Takamanda - Impact ...

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138 Sunderland-Groves et al. from more than 70 years ago (Allen 1932) reported that gorillas existed on steep, inaccessible slopes in highland areas. Presumably hunters using guns were not as common then as now, so the question of why the gorillas appear to prefer these higher altitude (less hunted) sites and are unwilling or unable to cross large tracts of lowland forest awaits resolution. In Takamanda Forest Reserve, vegetation surveys (Sunderland et al. this volume) have not revealed a dramatic difference of known preferred gorilla foods in the higher altitude sites. One possible determining factor of fragmentation of at least some of the gorilla groups in Takamanda could be the existence of major rivers. It would be nearly impossible for gorillas of the Obonyi I hills to cross the Makone, Makwere, and Manyu rivers to reach gorillas in either Takpe or Basho hills. This factor, coupled with high hunting pressure in the lowland areas, may have caused the widespread fragmentation of the gorilla population. Construction of the road from Mamfe to Akwaya will cause more fragmentation. To date, the road has reached the village of Bandolo in Mbulu forest and has already created an ecological divide between Takamanda and Mone. If the road is completed, which seems likely, it will cut directly between Takamanda and Mbulu, and ape movement between the two forested areas will certainly cease. The main threats to gorilla and chimp populations in most areas of Central Africa are commercial hunting, followed by ebola haemorrhagic fever in some localities (Walsh et al. 2003). The primary immediate threats to gorillas in the Takamanda area appears to be hunting connected to human activities, especially road construction. On the more positive side, villagers in Takamanda Forest Reserve implemented a local ban in 1998 on the shooting of gorillas and chimpanzees, and no credible reports of gorilla killings have been registered since the ban went into effect. In 2002, the Cross River Gorilla Research Project launched an education program that focuses on conservation of Cross River gorillas. These initiatives, along with recent anti-poaching projects of the Cameroon and GTZ/PROFA partnership, Takamanda: the Biodiversity of an African Rainforest are having an effect with regard to conservation of endangered species in Takamanda. Atotal ban on hunting of all endangered species must be instigated and monitored to ensure survival of the gorilla population into the future—especially in light of inevitable further fragmentation of the population as people move into the area of the growing road network. Acknowledgments This research was supported by WWF-Cameroon, Wildlife Conservation Society, the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation through Conservation International, and the Whitley Foundation. We thank the Cameroon Ministry of Environment and Forests and Ministry of Scientific Research, as well as the Chiefs, Traditional Council members, and guides from villages in Takamanda and Mone forest reserves and Mbulu forest. Thanks to Dan Slayback for preparing the maps. References Allen, J. G. C. 1932. Gorilla hunting in southern Nigeria. Nigerian Field 1: 4-9. Buckland, S. T., D. R. Anderson, K. P. Burnham, and J. L. Laake. 1993. Distance Sampling: Estimating Abundance of Biological Populations. London: Chapman & Hall. Coolidge, H. J. 1929. A revision of the genus Gorilla. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Uni. 50: 291-308. Critchley, W. R. 1968. Final Report on Takamanda Gorilla Survey. Unpublished report to Winston Churchill Memorial Trust. Elliot, D. G. 1912. A review of the primates. Monogr. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. l: 1-3 Gonder, M. G., J. F. Oates, T. R. Disotell, M. R. J. Forstner, J. C. Morales, and D. J. Melnick. 1997. A new west African chimpanzee subspecies? Nature. 388: 337.
Gorilla and Chimp Surveys Groves, C. 1970. Population systematics of the gorilla. J. Zool. Lond. 161: 287-30 Groves, J. L. 1996. Proposal for Funding Population Surveys on the Gorillas of the Takamanda Forest Reserve. WWF-Cameroon. Groves, J. L. 2002a. Good News for the Cross River gorillas? Gorilla Journal No. 24; p12. Groves, J. L. 2002b. Report on the Status and Distribution of the Cross River Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) Population of the Takamanda and Mone Forest Reserves and the Mbulu Forest, South West Province, Cameroon. Unpublished report to Wildlife Conservation Society, Margot Marsh Foundation, and Whitley Foundation. Hall, J. S., L. J. T. White, B-I. Inogwabini, I. Omari, H. S. Morland, E. A. Williamson, K. Saltonstall, P. Walsh, C. Sikubwabo, D. Bonny, K. P. Kiswele, A. Vedder, and K. Freeman. 1998. A survey of Grauer’s gorillas (Gorilla gorilla graueri) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi) in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park Lowland Sector and adjacent forest in Eastern Congo. Int. J. Primatol. 19:207-235. Harcourt, A. H., K. J. Stewart, and I. Inahoro. 1988. Nigeria’s Gorillas: A Survey and Recommendations. Report to the Nigerian Conservation Foundation. Harcourt, A. H., K. J. Stewartand I. Inahoro, I. 1989. Gorilla quest in Nigeria. Oryx 23: 7-13. Harris, D., M. J. Fay, and N. Macdonald. 1987. Report of gorillas from Nigeria. Primate Conservation 8: 40. Ifeka, C. 1999. Summary report, Obony I Research Project (Takamanda Forest Reserve), Manyu Division, SW Province, Cameroon. In J. Groves and F. Maisels, eds. Report on the Large Mammal Fauna of the Takamanda Forest Reserve, South West Province, Cameroon: With Special Emphasis on the Gorilla Population. WWF-Cameroon. 139 IUCN. 2000. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. Letouzey, R. 1985. Notice de la Carte Phytogeographique du Cameroon. Toulouse: Institute de la Carte Internationale de la Vegetation.. Maisels, F., and A. Cruickshank. 1996. Inventory and Census of the Large Mammals of the Conkouati Reserve, Republic of Congo. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. March, E. W. (1957) Gorillas of Eastern Nigeria. Oryx 4, 30-34. Matschie, P. 1904. Bermerkungen uber die Gattung gorilla. Sitzungber. Ges, Naturforsch. Freunde 1904: 45-53, Oates, J., ed. 1996. African Primates: Status Survey and Action Plan. Cambridge, UK: IUCN. Oates, J. 1998. The gorilla population in the Nigeria- Cameroon border region. Gorilla Conservation News 12. Oates, J., D. White, E. L. Gadsby, and P. O. Bisong. 1990. Cross River National Park (Okwango Division), Feasibility Study. Appendix I. Conservation of Gorillas and Other Species. Interim report. Obot, E., J. Barker, C. Edet, G. Ogar, and E. Nwufoh. 1997. Status of gorilla Gorilla gorilla gorilla populations in Cross River National Park and Mbe Mountain. Technical Report no. 3. Cross River National Park (Okwango Division). The Forestry Ordinance. 1937. Takamanda Native Administration Forest Reserve. Order No. 38. Rothschild, W. 1904. Notes on anthropoid apes. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 2: 413-440. Rothschild, W. 1906. Further notes on anthopoid apes. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 2: 465-468. SI/MAB Series #8, 2003
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62 O’Kah Larsen, T. B. 1997. Butt
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