Fisheries in the Southern Border Zone of Takamanda - Impact ...

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158 Sunderland et al. resources and the conditions under which they are harvested and utilized or sold are discussed, along with the traditional, legislative, and institutional constraints pertaining to their sustainable and equitable exploitation. Recommendations linked to the paper’s conclusions are provided to assist in creation of a framework for strategies that promote the NTFP sector. 3 Methods The study was conducted from 19 November 2001 to18 February 2002. It consisted of a series of semi-structured and informal interviews with resource users and staff of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in Yaoundé (MINEF), an inventory-based resource assessment, and market surveys. A comprehensive literature review preceded the fieldwork. 3.1 Semi-structured interviews A series of semi-structured interviews—employing an open format that allowed conversational, two-way communication—was undertaken in the communities of Kajifu, Takamanda, Obonyi I, Obonyi III, Matene, Mblishi, and Mfakwe (Figure 1). In each community, the interviews were conducted primarily with village council members and with resource users of key non-timber forest products. The users often included women and members of youth organisations, which led to a more representative assessment of the NTFP sector. To determine the institutional and legislative constraints related to NTFPs, informal interviews commenced with MINEF staff in Mamfe. 3.2 NTFP resource inventory A randomly stratified, transect-based inventory was completed during January 2002 at four key communitymanaged forest areas in TFR: Takamanda, Obonyi I, Matene, and Mfakwe (Figure 1) These sites represent ecological and socio-economic variables prevalent in the Reserve, as identified by a number of researchers (Groves and Maisels 1999, Sunderland 2000, Schmidt- Soltau 2001) and provide a useful overview of the NTFP Takamanda: the Biodiversity of an African Rainforest sector from both perspectives. The inventory methodology included the following: 3.2.1 Layout In common with a tested methodology for NTFPs in the Mokoko River Forest Reserve (Sunderland and Tchouto 1999), the inventory for this study consisted of a series of temporary, parallel, 10m-wide transects established along a baseline at predetermined intervals of 100m (10% sampling). Each transect was 1km in length along a predefined compass bearing. Maintaining a constant and correct bearing along the transect is critical to ensure that all transects are parallel. The goal is to include the full range of forest types along the length of each transect. 3.2.2 Enumeration Once the transects were established, the enumeration team moved slowly along the transect and carefully searched within 5 m either side of the central line for individuals of all species selected for this inventory (Table 2). The 5-m distance was checked with a tape measure for individuals considered borderline. All trees at least 4 cm in diameter at breast height (1.3 m above the ground) were included, as were all rattans, treelets, and shrubs at least 50 cm in height. Villagers proved to be the best spotters of the desired taxa. A field botanist reviewed all individuals before they were measured for dbh and/or height. The information was recorded on field worksheets along with the location of the individuals along the transects. Additional information included life form, phenology, and evidence of harvest. 3.2.3 Regeneration At 100-m intervals along each transect, nested 5-m x 5m regeneration plots were established. All seedlings of the desired species below 50cm in height in the plots were counted and recorded. The recording sheets for the regeneration plots were separate from the recording sheets for the transect data.
Distribution, Utilization, and Sustainability of NTFPs Table 2. NTFPs sampled in Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon Resource Species name Common name Bush mango Irvingia gabonensis and I. wombolu Eru Gnetum africanum and Gnetum buchholzianum Carpolobia cattle sticks Randia chewing sticks 3.3 Market surveys Carpolobia alba and C. lutea Massularia (syn. Randia ) acuminata A series of informal surveys were undertaken in January 2002 at markets in Mbu, Nyang, Mukonyong, Eshobi and Mamfe. While these surveys do not comprise a wholly representative assessment of the conditions under which most NTFPs are traded (particularly with the influence of seasonality), they do provide a useful overview of the products being traded, by whom, and bush mango (vern.); ogbono (Igbo); bojep (Boki); eloweh (Ovande); kelua (Basho); gluea (Anyang) eru (Efik); eru (Ibibio); ukasi (Igbo); ikokoh (Ovande); gelu (Anyang); ecole (Boki) cattle stick (vern.); sanda (Hausa); nyerem-mbe (Ovande); okah (Boki); essa (Anyang); fesha (Basho) Randia chewing stick (vern.); pako (Yoruba); odeng (Boki); egili (Ovande); egili (Anyang); feyili (Basho) njansang (vern.); ngoku (Basho); itche (Becheve); ngoge (Boki); ngongeh (Anyang) Njansang Ricinodendron heudelotii Bush pepper Piper guineensis kakwale (Ovande); iyeyeh (Becheve); ashoesie (Boki); taquale (Basho); acachat (Anyang) Garcinia Garcinia mannii Igbo chewing stick (vern.); osun ojie (Boki); chewing sticks okok (Efik); aku ilu (Igbo) Bush onion Afrostyrax kamerunensis felou (Basho); elonge (Becheve); eloweh (Ovande); elu (Anyang) Njabe oil Baillonella toxisperma moabi (Trade); bojie = stump, edjie = fruits (Boki); mpoh (Basho) Rattan canes Laccosperma gekwiya (Anyang) = large rattan; echie (Anyang) secundiflorum, L. robustum (large diameter); Eremospatha macrocarpa (small diameter) = cane ropes Fever bark Annickia (syn. Enantia) chlorantha kakerim (Boki); foukou (Basho); ekwoh (Anyang); ofaechi (Becheve) 159 how. Assessments of markets at Ikom and Amana during a recent study of NTFPs of Cross River State, Nigeria, elicited additional useful information about the nature and scale of the cross-border trade (Sunderland 2001). SI/MAB Series #8, 2003
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Smithsonian Institution SI/MAB Biod
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Mercy Abwe Dione Dept. of Biology,
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