Fisheries in the Southern Border Zone of Takamanda - Impact ...

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118 Sunderland-Groves and Maisels Bushmeat is still a prominent source of income and protein for villagers in TFR. Although traditional hunting rights were granted to the local communities during establishment of the Reserve, the use of firearms has been prohibited since 1934. Still, firearm hunting is widespread throughout the area. Until recently, access was limited mostly to footpaths, but hunting has been relatively intensive and will only increase with the new road if normal tropical forest trends (Bennett and Robinson 2000a) apply. In 1988, Thomas reported that the Takamanda Forest Reserve probably contained the most significant populations of large mammals in Cameroon west of the Sanaga River. This is no longer the case. We found that the perceptions of local people were paradoxical: on the one hand, hunters claimed that their forest resources such as bushmeat would never disappear. On the other hand, most people admitted that bushmeat was easily found ten years before our study, but had become very hard to find by 1999. This is a familiar story throughout forested Africa, where the forest itself “hides” the fact that the fauna is vanishing (Redford 1992, Bennett and Robinson 2000b, Redford and Feinsinger 2000, Robinson and Bennett 2000c). Although Takamanda still hosts a wide diversity of fauna, unsustainable hunting rates are having a rapid negative effect on wildlife populations. If such hunting practices continue at the current rate, more of the large mammal species found today will vanish. In most humid tropical forests, protein requirements of local communities are either partly or almost entirely provided by wild animals, including mammals, birds, fish, and insects (Wilkie and Curran et al. 1998, Wilkie and Sidle et al. 1998, Bowen-Jones and Pendry 1999, Robinson et al. 1999, Robinson and Bennett 2000c). In tropical forests, the carrying capacity for people who depend exclusively on wild meat cannot greatly exceed one person /km 2 (Bennett and Robinson 2000a, b). No commercial hunting (that is, hunting for income rather than protein) of wild animals in tropical forests has, to date, been proved sustainable over the long term (Robinson and Bodmer 1999, Bennett and Robinson 2000c). In 1999, the human population density in the area within and around Takamanda Forest Reserve was estimated at about 3.6 people/km 2 (Groves and Maisels Takamanda: the Biodiversity of an African Rainforest 1999) and has more recently been estimated at more than 4.6 people/km 2 (Schmidt-Soltau et. al. 2001.) Clearly, use of wildlife as the sole source of protein by the populations of the Takamanda area is unsustainable, particularly when coupled with commercial hunting. Acknowledgements This research was supported by WWF Netherlands through the WWF Cameroon Program Office, Yaounde. We thank Cameroon’s Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MINEF) and Ministry of Scientific and Technical Research (MINREST) as well as the Chiefs and Traditional Council members of the villages in the Takamanda Forest Reserve. A note of appreciation goes to John Oates, Steve Gartlan, Jaap Schoorl, Terry Sunderland, Bryan Curran, and all at the Mount Kupe Project, Cameroon, for their support and assistance. We are grateful to the field team—Albert Ekinde and Mpako Johannes—and guides Zacharia Abang, Martin Tiko, Jasper Obi, Dennis Agbor, Martin Ashu, and many others. Thanks to Dan Slayback for preparing the maps. References Allen, J. G. C. 1930. Gorilla hunting in southern Nigeria. Nigerian Field 1: 4-9. Bennett, E. L., and Robinson, J. G. 2000a. Carrying capacity limits to sustainable hunting in tropical forests. Pp. 13-30 in: J.G. Robinson and E.L. Bennett, eds. Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests. New York: Columbia University Press. Bennett, E. L., and Robinson, J. G. 2000b. Hunting of wildlife in tropical forests. Implications for biodiversity and forest peoples. Environment Dept. papers. Biodiversity studies: impact series 42.Washington D.C.: World Bank. Bennett, E. L., and J. G. Robinson. 2000c. Hunting for sustainability: The start of a synthesis. Pp. 499-519 in: J. G. Robinson and E. L. Bennett, eds. Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests. New York: Columbia University Press.
Large mammals assessment Bowen-Jones, E., and S. Pendry. 1999. The threat to primates and other mammals from the bushmeat trade in Africa, and how this threat could be diminished. Oryx 33: 233-246. Buckland, S. T., D. R. Anderson, K. P. Burnham, and J. L. Laake. 1993. Distance Sampling: Estimating Abundance of Biological Populations. London: Chapman & Hall. Burnham, K. D., D. R. Anderson, and J. L. Laake. 1980. Estimation of density from line transect sampling of biological populations. Wildlife Monographs 72: 1- 202. Critchley, W. R. 1968. Final report on Takamanda gorilla survey. Unpublished report to Winston Churchill Memorial Trust (typescript). Dowsett, R. J. 1997. Takamanda (Cameroon) mammal survey: Sanderson’s BM specimens. Unpublished report, Tauraco a.s.b.l., Liège, Belgium. Fa, J. E., C. Peres, and J. Meeuwig. 2002. Bushmeat exploitation in tropical forests: An intertropical comparison. Conservation Biology 16: 232-237. Groves, J. L. 2002. Status and distribution of the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) of the Takamanda and Mone Forest Reserves and the Mbulu Forest, South West Province, Cameroon. Unpublished report to WCS, Whitley Foundation and the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation. Groves, J., and F. Maisels. 1999. Report on the large mammal fauna of the Takamanda Forest Reserve, South West Province, Cameroon. with special emphasis on the gorilla population. Yaoundé: WWF Cameroon, Takamanda Forest Surveys Project. IUCN. 2002. 2002 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Cambridge, UK: IUCN. Maisels, F., E. Keming, M. Kemel, and C. Toh. 2001. The extirpation of large mammals and implications 119 for montane forest conservation: The case of the Kilum-Ijim Forest, Northwest Province, Cameroon. Oryx 35: 322-331. Minnemeyer, S., T. Walker, J. G. Collomb, L. Cotton, and D. Bryant. 2002. An Analysis of Access to Central Africa’s Rainforests. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Oates, J. F., D. White, E. L. Gadsby, and P. O. Bisong. 1990. Feasibility study: Appendix I. Conservation of gorillas and other species. Interim report. Cross River National Park (Okwango Division). Redford, K. 1992. The empty forest. BioScience 42: 412- 422. Redford, K. H. and P. Feinsinger. 2000. The half-empty forest: Sustainable use and the ecology of interactions. In: J. Reynolds, G. M. Mace, K. H. Redford, and J. G. Robinson, eds. Conservation of Exploited Populations. London: Cambridge University Press. Robinson, J. G., and E. L. Bennett, eds. 2000. Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests. New York: Columbia University Press. Robinson, J. G. and R. E. Bodmer. 1999. Towards wildlife management in tropical forests. Journal of Wildlife Management 63: 1-13. Robinson, J. G., K. H. Redford, and E. L. Bennett. 1999. Wildlife harvesting in logged tropical forests. Science 284: 595-596. Sanderson, I. T. 1940. The mammals of the north Cameroon forest area. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 24: 623-725. Schmidt-Soltau, K., M. Mdaihli, and J. S. O. Ayeni. 2001. Socioeceonomic baseline survey of the Takamanda Forest Reserve. 65pp. Draft report to PROFA, Mamfe. SI/MAB Series #8, 2003
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