Fisheries in the Southern Border Zone of Takamanda - Impact ...

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58 O’Kah Table 3. Species found in intact forest formations Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon Species 1. Pseudopontia paradoxa (wet forest) 2. Graphium (Arisbe) latreillianus (moist forest) 3. Aterica galene galene 4. Bicyclus mesogena 5. Catuna crithea conjuncta 6. Harma theobene blassi 7. Hypolimnas dinarcha 8. Hypolimnas salmacis 9. Neptis clarei 10. Euxanthe (Euxanthe) eurinome elgonae 11. Eurema (Terias) senegalensis 12. Epitola viridana Table 4. Summary of Butterfly conservation status for Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon. # of Spp. Rare 5 Common 76 Primary forest species 56 Disturbance tolerant species Total no. of species fully identified were identified in our samples. It is not certain whether these species are threatened in Takamanda Forest Reserve and face local extinction if precautions are not taken. However, the presence of Family Takamanda: the Biodiversity of an African Rainforest 25 81 No. of specimens collected % specimens No. of species these rare species may indicate undetermined qualities of their habitats, which underscores the need for their conservation and additional research. Table 2 presents the relative abundance of the 10 most frequent and 10 least frequent species in TFR. Most of the common species are typical of forests (Appendix 2), and their abundance here indicates that the vegetation is characteristic of a nondegraded rainforest. The Takamanda area is dominated by primary forest (see Sunderland et al. this volume), a condition verified by the proliferation of butterfly species such as Neptis clarei, Leptosia alcesta inalcesta, and Catuna crithea conjuncta that will disappear at the first sign of forest disturbance (Larsen 1992). The least common species are also forest dwellers, but are more prone to disturbed and/or open forest formations, which comprise just a small portion of the Takamanda area (see Slayback this volume). Table 3 shows the degree of intactness of the Takamanda forest through the much higher number of primary forest-dependent species (56, or 69% of all identified species) compared to disturbance tolerant species (25, or 31%). The majority of the species found were common within the forest reserve (Table 4). This is probably explained by the fact that the forest is generally conducive to their survival. The Nymphalidae is the dominant family in the area (Table 5), with 260 (68%) specimens of the total 384 collected and 74 (67%) of the 111 identified to Table 5. Butterfly families represented with their respective number of specimens in the Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon. % species Papilionidae 35 9 12 11 Pieridae 60 16 14 13 Lycaenidae 13 3 6 5 Nymphalidae 260 68 74 67 Unidentified 16 4 5 5 Total 384 100 111 100
Butterfly Fauna 7 8 109 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 5 5 species. Lycaenidae were the least common, accounting for 13 (3%) of all specimens and 6 (5%) of identified species. These findings are not surprising; the Nymphalidae are among the most successful families in Africa at 1,517 species (Carcasson et al. 1995). Most members of the family are known to adapt to a variety of habitats, and species diversity within the group is high. The family consists of many sub-taxa that were originally considered separate families, while the danaids, satyrids, libytheids, and riodinids were once deemed to be the same family (Feltwell 1993). While Lycaenidae is a larger family than the Nyphalidae, it was far surpassed by the latter in specimens collected. This can probably be explained by collector bias; Lycaenids are generally smaller in size and less colourful than the Nymphalids, and hence less likely to be seen. Therefore, it is possible that the study area contains more species of all families collected from this survey and, if the bias is addressed in future studies, the checklist of butterflies for Takamanda may be much longer. 14 10 15 13 22 17 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 No. of s pecimens No. of spec ies Figure 2. Species richness of study sites expressed as species abundance in relation to the number of individuals sampled for Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon (see Table 1 for site codes). 28 18 36 24 52 28 Figure 2 illustrates the species richness of each site in relation to the number of individuals sampled and the species that were identified. Takamanda, Matene Camp, and Obonyi I Camp were the three richest sites both in identified species and specimens collected. The least rich sites were Obonyi, Assam, Kekpane, and Obonyi I Camp Hills. The vegetation composition of a particular area will determine whether butterflies will inhabit or visit the area and also their population density at any point in time. Thus, it can be inferred that Takamanda, Matene Camp, and Obonyi I Camp are more productive for and conducive to butterfly survival. Although species indicating forest disturbance, like those listed in Table 6 (for example, Junonia oenone oenone), are present in the study area, their numbers are sufficiently low enough to suggest failure in effectively colonizing the area. This can only be explained by the fact that the forest does not provide conditions for their survival. Moreover, most of the species encountered are forest generalists rather than disturbed forest species. The generalists prefer forest clearings, forest edges, and forest paths, all of which occur throughout TFR. 84 43 100 49 59 SI/MAB Series #8, 2003
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Smithsonian Institution SI/MAB Biod
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ii 10. Fisheries in the Southern Bo
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Mercy Abwe Dione Dept. of Biology,
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The Smithsonian Institution has lon
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The editors of this publication ext
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2 Sunderland-Groves et al. Figure 1
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4 Sunderland-Groves et al. Rainfall
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6 Sunderland-Groves et al. 7 Conser
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Page 20 and 21: 10 Comiskey and Dallmeier 2 Challen
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Page 54 and 55: 44 Sunderland et al. Agelaea pentag
Page 56 and 57: 46 Sunderland et al. Afzelia pachyl
Page 58 and 59: 48 Sunderland et al. Rhabdophyllum
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Page 62 and 63: 52 Sunderland et al. Nervilia sp. P
Page 64 and 65: 54 Sunderland et al. g—2˜— @y
Page 66 and 67: 56 O’Kah f22 y2@w—˜A g—22@IE
Page 70 and 71: 60 O’Kah Table 6. Indicators of s
Page 72 and 73: 62 O’Kah Larsen, T. B. 1997. Butt
Page 74 and 75: 64 O’Kah Appendix 1 (cont.). Chec
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Page 78 and 79: 68 O’Kah Species distribution Tak
Page 80 and 81: 70 O’Kah Species distribution Tak
Page 82 and 83: 72 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of a
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Page 86 and 87: 76 The sites which have been survey
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Page 90 and 91: 80 Appendix 1. Species list and sam
Page 92 and 93: 82 Family / Species Notes Locations
Page 94 and 95: 84 LeBreton et al. 3 Methods A team
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Page 106 and 107: 96 Languy and Motombe f 5 q—2˜
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112 Sunderland-Groves and Maisels h
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128 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of
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130 Sunderland-Groves et al. In mor
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140 Sunderland-Groves et al. Sander
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142 Mdaihli et al. Basin and is sep
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144 Table 1. Type and number of fis
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146 Migrating Labeo spp. make up 10
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148 Mdaihli et al. Mochokidae Barbu
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150 Monthly yield (t) 200 160 120 8
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152 Mdaihli et al. of Forests Aroun
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154 Mdaihli et al. Appendix 1 (cont
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156 Sunderland et al. Table 1. Majo
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158 Sunderland et al. resources and
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160 Sunderland et al. No. of indivi
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No. of individuals (n = 315) 200 15
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No. of individuals (n = 1065) 1000
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Gnetum spp. Piper guineensis Site T
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Resource Impacts of seasonality Ava
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Box. Large-scale exploitation of no
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Sunderland, T. C. H. 2001. Cross Ri
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174 Slayback 7 H S IH type of autom
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176 Slayback (ridge or lowland). On
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178 Slayback Table 2: Areas of outp
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180 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of
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182 Sunderland-Groves et al. Mone F
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