Fisheries in the Southern Border Zone of Takamanda - Impact ...

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136 Sunderland-Groves et al. Table 3. Encounter rate for gorillas along transects, Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon, 2001 Site Nest groups Individual nests Survey distance (km) Groups/km Individuals/km Takpe Hill 4 6 7.0 0.57 0.86 Basho Hill 7 14 7.0 1.00 2.00 Obonyi I Hill 7 24 7.0 2.00 2.00 Mblishe Hill - - 3.5 - - Atolo Hill - - 3.5 - - Total 18 44 28 In all, 84% of the gorilla nests detected were within 5 m of the transects (roughly 275,000m²), and 33% of the chimpanzee nests were within 10 m of the transects (280,000 to 555,400m²). Following the formula of Tutin and Fernandez (1984), a rough estimate of ape density was made (again based on small sample sizes). In applying this formula, we estimate that there were approximately 2.06 gorillas/km 2 a n d 0.59 chimpanzees/km 2 . To summarize, the Takamanda Forest Reserve covers 676 km 2 ; 19% of this area is above 500 m, which during these surveys was classified as highland. Using the gorilla density figures calculated during the 2000- 2001 surveys results in an estimate of about 286 gorillas. Encounter rate/km walked 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 traps hunters paths Takamanda: the Biodiversity of an African Rainforest This seems highly unlikely given the estimate from the 1998-1999 surveys and because gorilla sign was not recorded at all highland sites. We therefore maintain that the estimate is about 100 gorillas. 5.5 Human Sign highlands lowlands When all data from the lowlands were compared with all data from the highlands (dry season only), there were significantly more traps and hunters’ paths in the lowlands than in the highlands, reflecting more hunting pressure in the lowlands (Figure 2). The 2000-2001 surveys were only conducted in highland areas, so we only compared hunting pressure among the highland sites (Figure 3). During transect Figure 2. Encounter rates of hunters paths and traps in the highlands and lowlands, Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon, 1998-1999
Gorilla and Chimp Surveys Table 4. Encounter rate for chimpanzees along transects, Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon, 2001 Site Nest groups Individual nests Survey distance (km) Groups/km Individuals/km Takpe Hill 1 1 7.0 0.14 0.14 Basho Hill 4 5 7.0 0.57 0.71 Obonyi I Hill 8 26 7.0 1.14 3.71 Mblishe Hill 2 5 3.5 0.57 1.43 Atolo Hill - - 3.5 - - Total 15 37 28 surveys, no bush huts were encountered in the highland areas. As was the case in 1999, no traps were seen on transects in the Obonyi I hills or on the hill at Mblishe. All human sign (paths, traps, cartridges) combined indicated that Mblishe had the lowest encounter rate in relation to human pressure, suggesting that it is the least hunted of all sites 6 Discussion The most recent estimate of the Cross River gorilla population in Cameroon is approximately 100 in Takamanda Forest Reserve with perhaps an additional 75 to 80 individuals in the adjacent Mone and Mbulu forests (Groves 2002b), for an overall population in Cameroon and Nigeria of 250 to 270 gorillas. March (1957), Encounter rate/ km 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 137 surveying the Nigerian side of the border, reported an encounter rate of 12 to 13 gorilla nests per km walked. The highest encounter rate for gorillas during the 1998- 2001 surveys was two nests/km, which is significantly lower than March’s observations. Cross River gorilla and Nigerian chimpanzee populations face a tenuous future. In particular, Cross River gorillas have been recorded in Cameroon only in Takamanda Forest Reserve and adjacent forest areas of Mone Forest Reserve and Mbulu forest. These small subgroups and populations are now restricted to hill areas because of increased hunting and other human activities in the lowlands. Thus, the overall population is fragmented, with little chance of the sub-populations meeting. Such fragmentation may not be recent. Studies Takpe Basho Obonyi I Mblishe Atolo Site Figure 3. Encounter rate of human sign at all sites, Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon, 2001 SI/MAB Series #8, 2003
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Smithsonian Institution SI/MAB Biod
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ii 10. Fisheries in the Southern Bo
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Mercy Abwe Dione Dept. of Biology,
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The Smithsonian Institution has lon
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The editors of this publication ext
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2 Sunderland-Groves et al. Figure 1
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4 Sunderland-Groves et al. Rainfall
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6 Sunderland-Groves et al. 7 Conser
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8 Sunderland-Groves et al. Europe,
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10 Comiskey and Dallmeier 2 Challen
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12 Comiskey and Dallmeier 5 Adaptiv
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14 Comiskey and Dallmeier identifie
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16 Comiskey and Dallmeier 5.4 Evalu
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18 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of a
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20 Sunderland et al. preliminary la
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22 Sunderland et al. avoided protru
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24 Sunderland et al. Table 2. Summa
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26 Sunderland et al. lowland forest
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28 Sunderland et al. impressive cat
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30 Sunderland et al. Herbaceous flo
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32 Sunderland et al. Table 3. Compa
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34 Sunderland et al. 5.5 Economic P
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36 Sunderland et al. Table 5. Summa
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38 Sunderland et al. monitoring pro
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40 Sunderland et al. Letouzey, R. 1
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42 Sunderland et al. Appendix 1. Pl
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44 Sunderland et al. Agelaea pentag
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46 Sunderland et al. Afzelia pachyl
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48 Sunderland et al. Rhabdophyllum
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50 Sunderland et al. Aningeria robu
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52 Sunderland et al. Nervilia sp. P
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54 Sunderland et al. g—2˜— @y
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56 O’Kah f22 y2@w—˜A g—22@IE
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58 O’Kah Table 3. Species found i
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60 O’Kah Table 6. Indicators of s
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62 O’Kah Larsen, T. B. 1997. Butt
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64 O’Kah Appendix 1 (cont.). Chec
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66 O’Kah Appendix 1 (cont.). Chec
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68 O’Kah Species distribution Tak
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70 O’Kah Species distribution Tak
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72 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of a
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74 h—2@y——A 2 IE2— y2@w—
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76 The sites which have been survey
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78 species from a phylogenetic poin
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80 Appendix 1. Species list and sam
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82 Family / Species Notes Locations
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84 LeBreton et al. 3 Methods A team
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Page 100 and 101: 90 LeBreton et al. Perret, J.-L. 19
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Page 106 and 107: 96 Languy and Motombe f 5 q—2˜
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Page 110 and 111: 100 Languy and Motombe encroachment
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Page 154 and 155: 144 Table 1. Type and number of fis
Page 156 and 157: 146 Migrating Labeo spp. make up 10
Page 158 and 159: 148 Mdaihli et al. Mochokidae Barbu
Page 160 and 161: 150 Monthly yield (t) 200 160 120 8
Page 162 and 163: 152 Mdaihli et al. of Forests Aroun
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Page 170 and 171: 160 Sunderland et al. No. of indivi
Page 172 and 173: No. of individuals (n = 315) 200 15
Page 174 and 175: No. of individuals (n = 1065) 1000
Page 176 and 177: Gnetum spp. Piper guineensis Site T
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Page 184 and 185: 174 Slayback 7 H S IH type of autom
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Page 188 and 189: 178 Slayback Table 2: Areas of outp
Page 190 and 191: 180 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of
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