Fisheries in the Southern Border Zone of Takamanda - Impact ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Resource Impacts of seasonality Availability Bush mango High Rainy season type (I. gabonensis ) available June to September; dry season type (I. wombolu ) available February to April Eru Moderate All year, although there is less plucking and reduction of supply during early rains as people are occupied with farming Carpolobia cattle sticks Low All year, although transportation problems in rainy season restrict supply to markets Randia chewing sticks Low All year, although transportation problems in rainy season restrict supply to markets Njansang Moderate Fruits produced during rainy season, but after processing, they can be stored indefinitely Bush pepper Moderate Fruits produced in dry season; leaves can be harvested all year Garcinia chewing sticks Moderate All year, although increased availability in rainy season because of better boat access to remote creeks in forest Bush onion Moderate Fruits produced during rainy season, but after drying, they can be stored for some time Njabe oil Moderate Fruits produced in early rains; oil can be stored indefinitely 4.9.3 Traditional resource management systems For some key resources, the majority of communities in the Reserve have clear regulations concerning the harvest of NTFPs from their forestlands. For example, regulatory controls on access to eru and bush mango are particularly well developed—for the most part, they exclude “outsiders” from harvest—and generally throughout the study area, communities benefit substantially from the harvest and sale of these resources. However, the harvest of other forest products such as Randia or Carpolobia that are not traditionally valued in TFR contributes little to either household incomes or the community purse. Dealers who purchase such NTFPs directly from community collectors pay only a token fee to register with the community. This nominal fee is an encouraging sign of an institutional structure in place that is able to regulate access to the harvesting of key NTFPs. Nevertheless, the proportion of benefits that accrue to the communities of origin is but a small fraction of the final sales price of many nontimber forest products. Community members who are often involved at the collector level generally do not move the products along the marketing chain, and hence the majority of the benefits from the final point-of-sale for many NTFPs accrue mostly to non-indigenous wholesalers and traders. This is true even for traditionally valued products such as eru and bush mango. A primary reason for the lack of indigenous involvement along the marketing chain is that most communities do not have a realistic notion of the true market value of some forest products. This is particularly the case for products that are not used locally to any great extent (for example, Randia and Carpolobia). In this regard, access to the resource base, or the resource itself, is often unknowingly undersold to outside harvesters or dealers, with many communities, at best, benefiting only from the provision of labor. In addition, an inability to process and store raw materials at the community level means that only the price of raw material production accrues to the communities. For bush mango, this is
further exacerbated by the fact that the markets are flooded during times of production, and prices are correspondingly low. If the material could be dried and stored effectively and released when prices are higher a greater level of income would result at the community level. Many of the people who participated in this study’s interviews expressed a desire to enter the formal wholesale trade for some products, which would enable them to sell directly in Nigeria. Lack of credit facilities was cited as a main barrier to success. 4.9.4 Formal legislation Generally, people who harvest and sell NTFPs are from the “informal sector;” that is, they are essentially self-employed, not recognized in official statistics, have little access to capital, and earn money from laborintensive enterprises. From harvest to final consumption, the domestic trade in NTFPs is thus part of the “hidden” economy. As a result, “informal” taxation practices abound, by both forestry officials and customs officers, particularly given the extent of the cross-border trade. It is clear that the NTFP sector is a significant income generating activity for communities in TFR. Capturing the benefits of this trade on a more formal basis would significantly change the manner in which these resources are perceived and managed. Ensuring that NTFP harvest and trade contributes to both rural and urban incomes, as well as to forest conservation, is the focus of the discussion surrounding the entire sector. In Cameroon, a fundamental institutional change is needed to ensure that NTFPs can enter the formal trading, revenue, and taxation systems that apply to the timber resource, for example. Such change must occur at both the community level, where communities receive a fair price for access to the resource, and the level of MINEF. A major constraint to the realization of formal revenues from the trade and sale of major NTFP resources at the community level is inadequate provision for NTFPs in existing forestry legislation. Aside from permits issued by MINEF for the transport and evacuation of eru (Ndoye pers. comm.), many products, no matter their market value, are not included in the current permit system, which focuses primarily on medicinal plants (see box). MINEF recently created a directorate for NTFPs. Ideally this unit will be responsible for formalizing revenue collection for the NTFP sector. To date, no policy changes have been proposed. Despite the lack of an adequate permit system, a key issue in the control of forest resources is the lack of capacity within MINEF, an agency suffering from shortfalls in staff expertise, inadequate basic infrastructure, and logistical support to implement much of the formal forestry legislation. This has undoubtedly fostered a culture of “private settlement” as accepted practice. Historically, a number of bilateral aid projects and other conservation initiatives have essentially created parallel institutions to Cameroon’s government services that function adequately while they receive funding and are serviced by ex-patriot technical staff. However, many have no hope of continuing once, predictably, aid and support are withdrawn at the end of the project cycle. This sidelining of MINEF has contributed to the current poor capacity of the Ministry, and in a twist of irony, poor capacity is cited as the reason why many aid agencies do not directly support MINEF. It might be argued that strengthening of MINEF staff, providing logistical and technical support, and establishing improved systems of accountability and transparency within MINEF would be a far better approach to management of forest resources. In this regard, some of the more innovative forest legislation currently under discussion would likely have more chance of success, particularly for the NTFP sector. 4.9.5 Cultivation In certain instances, cultivation can provide a long-term solution to over-exploitation of certain forest resources if it is economically and biologically feasible. It is unlikely that cultivation is a viable option for many over-exploited NTFPs in the Reserve, particularly with the poor market access prevalent in the area. However, community-level
Page 2 and 3:
Smithsonian Institution SI/MAB Biod
Page 4 and 5:
ii 10. Fisheries in the Southern Bo
Page 6 and 7:
Mercy Abwe Dione Dept. of Biology,
Page 8 and 9:
The Smithsonian Institution has lon
Page 10 and 11:
The editors of this publication ext
Page 12 and 13:
2 Sunderland-Groves et al. Figure 1
Page 14 and 15:
4 Sunderland-Groves et al. Rainfall
Page 16 and 17:
6 Sunderland-Groves et al. 7 Conser
Page 18 and 19:
8 Sunderland-Groves et al. Europe,
Page 20 and 21:
10 Comiskey and Dallmeier 2 Challen
Page 22 and 23:
12 Comiskey and Dallmeier 5 Adaptiv
Page 24 and 25:
14 Comiskey and Dallmeier identifie
Page 26 and 27:
16 Comiskey and Dallmeier 5.4 Evalu
Page 28 and 29:
18 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of a
Page 30 and 31:
20 Sunderland et al. preliminary la
Page 32 and 33:
22 Sunderland et al. avoided protru
Page 34 and 35:
24 Sunderland et al. Table 2. Summa
Page 36 and 37:
26 Sunderland et al. lowland forest
Page 38 and 39:
28 Sunderland et al. impressive cat
Page 40 and 41:
30 Sunderland et al. Herbaceous flo
Page 42 and 43:
32 Sunderland et al. Table 3. Compa
Page 44 and 45:
34 Sunderland et al. 5.5 Economic P
Page 46 and 47:
36 Sunderland et al. Table 5. Summa
Page 48 and 49:
38 Sunderland et al. monitoring pro
Page 50 and 51:
40 Sunderland et al. Letouzey, R. 1
Page 52 and 53:
42 Sunderland et al. Appendix 1. Pl
Page 54 and 55:
44 Sunderland et al. Agelaea pentag
Page 56 and 57:
46 Sunderland et al. Afzelia pachyl
Page 58 and 59:
48 Sunderland et al. Rhabdophyllum
Page 60 and 61:
50 Sunderland et al. Aningeria robu
Page 62 and 63:
52 Sunderland et al. Nervilia sp. P
Page 64 and 65:
54 Sunderland et al. g—2˜— @y
Page 66 and 67:
56 O’Kah f22 y2@w—˜A g—22@IE
Page 68 and 69:
58 O’Kah Table 3. Species found i
Page 70 and 71:
60 O’Kah Table 6. Indicators of s
Page 72 and 73:
62 O’Kah Larsen, T. B. 1997. Butt
Page 74 and 75:
64 O’Kah Appendix 1 (cont.). Chec
Page 76 and 77:
66 O’Kah Appendix 1 (cont.). Chec
Page 78 and 79:
68 O’Kah Species distribution Tak
Page 80 and 81:
70 O’Kah Species distribution Tak
Page 82 and 83:
72 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of a
Page 84 and 85:
74 h—2@y——A 2 IE2— y2@w—
Page 86 and 87:
76 The sites which have been survey
Page 88 and 89:
78 species from a phylogenetic poin
Page 90 and 91:
80 Appendix 1. Species list and sam
Page 92 and 93:
82 Family / Species Notes Locations
Page 94 and 95:
84 LeBreton et al. 3 Methods A team
Page 96 and 97:
86 LeBreton et al. Bothrolycus ater
Page 98 and 99:
88 LeBreton et al. an important par
Page 100 and 101:
90 LeBreton et al. Perret, J.-L. 19
Page 102 and 103:
92 LeBreton et al. Appendix 1 (cont
Page 104 and 105:
94 LeBreton et al. Appendix 1 (cont
Page 106 and 107:
96 Languy and Motombe f 5 q—2˜
Page 108 and 109:
98 Languy and Motombe Table 3. Thre
Page 110 and 111:
100 Languy and Motombe encroachment
Page 112 and 113:
102 Languy and Motombe Appendix 1.
Page 114 and 115:
104 Languy and Motombe Appendix 1 (
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
112 Sunderland-Groves and Maisels h
Page 124 and 125:
114 Sunderland-Groves and Maisels T
Page 126 and 127:
116 Sunderland-Groves and Maisels T
Page 128 and 129: 118 Sunderland-Groves and Maisels B
Page 130 and 131: 120 Sunderland-Groves and Maisels S
Page 132 and 133: 122 Sunderland-Groves and Maisels A
Page 138 and 139: 128 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of
Page 140 and 141: 130 Sunderland-Groves et al. In mor
Page 142 and 143: 132 Sunderland-Groves et al. proved
Page 144 and 145: 134 Sunderland-Groves et al. q—2
Page 146 and 147: 136 Sunderland-Groves et al. Table
Page 148 and 149: 138 Sunderland-Groves et al. from m
Page 150 and 151: 140 Sunderland-Groves et al. Sander
Page 152 and 153: 142 Mdaihli et al. Basin and is sep
Page 154 and 155: 144 Table 1. Type and number of fis
Page 156 and 157: 146 Migrating Labeo spp. make up 10
Page 158 and 159: 148 Mdaihli et al. Mochokidae Barbu
Page 160 and 161: 150 Monthly yield (t) 200 160 120 8
Page 162 and 163: 152 Mdaihli et al. of Forests Aroun
Page 164 and 165: 154 Mdaihli et al. Appendix 1 (cont
Page 166 and 167: 156 Sunderland et al. Table 1. Majo
Page 168 and 169: 158 Sunderland et al. resources and
Page 170 and 171: 160 Sunderland et al. No. of indivi
Page 172 and 173: No. of individuals (n = 315) 200 15
Page 174 and 175: No. of individuals (n = 1065) 1000
Page 176 and 177: Gnetum spp. Piper guineensis Site T
Page 180 and 181: Box. Large-scale exploitation of no
Page 182 and 183: Sunderland, T. C. H. 2001. Cross Ri
Page 184 and 185: 174 Slayback 7 H S IH type of autom
Page 186 and 187: 176 Slayback (ridge or lowland). On
Page 188 and 189: 178 Slayback Table 2: Areas of outp
Page 190 and 191: 180 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of
Page 192: 182 Sunderland-Groves et al. Mone F
show all

Fisheries in the Southern Border Zone of Takamanda - Impact ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?