Fisheries in the Southern Border Zone of Takamanda - Impact ...

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116 Sunderland-Groves and Maisels Table 5. Summary of the indices of human pressure, Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon (data are encounter rates/km surveyed; numerical data stem from transects, "present" stems from reconnaissance surveys). Site Traps Hunter paths Other paths assigned to medium-sized red duikers (Table 4.). The majority of the other tracks were from Cephalophus monticola and P. porcus. There were more C. monticola tracks in the Makone area than in the Oyi area (P=0.004), but no significant differences between the two lowland sites for P. porcus (P=0.09) or “red” duikers (P=0.88). There were very few tracks in the highland forest areas, perhaps due to expanses of rocky outcrops and large quantities of leaf litter. The Matene site was particularly poor in tracks; only one red duiker track was recorded. No significant difference (P=0.125; P=0.21) in the frequencies of elephant paths or tracks on the two sides of the Makone River was noted. A few elephant tracks and paths were recorded on the west side of the Oyi, but the frequency was not different from the east side (P=0.69). There were no seasonal differences (P=0.11; P=0.29) for elephant paths at either Makone or Oyi, both of which were surveyed in the wet and dry seasons. No elephant signs were seen in the hill areas along transects, but elephant dung was seen on the steep part of the Makone East site. So little dung was seen during the study period, it was impossible to analyze. Only 15 dung piles of eight different mammal species were observed. The maximum nunber of dung piles for any one species was four. These records were not sufficient for analysis. Takamanda: the Biodiversity of an African Rainforest Other signs (e.g., cartridges, huts, gunshots) Makone River East 0.76 1.62 0.24 0.04 Makone River West 0.30 2.97 1.00 0.02 Oyi East 0.23 1.50 0.38 0.18 Oyi West 1.10 1.55 0.55 0.04 Obonyi 1 Present 1.33 - - Basho 0.80 1.00 - - Matene 0.22 2.00 - 0.04 3.5 Human pressure Overall, more human signs (3.3 signs/km) were recorded at the lowland sites than in the highlands (1.9 signs/km). The only types of sign seen in the highlands were traps, hunter paths, and bent sticks, while in the lowlands, 11 different types were recorded. The highest encounter rate for hunter’s paths was in the Makone River West area (Table 5). The number of hunter’s paths was significantly higher in this area than on the east side during the wet season (P=0.01). There was no significant difference between the two sides of the river for cartridge cases or non-hunting paths (P=0.58; P=0.061). There was no difference between the east and west sides of the Oyi river during the wet season for any human sign (traps: P=0.11; hunting paths: P=0.24; cartridges: P= 0.19; other paths: P=0.78). Therefore the two sides of the Oyi River form a single stratum in terms of measurable human pressure. There was no significant difference between any of the three highland sites for hunting paths for pairs of sites compared (P=0.32 to 0.85). Basho and Matene were compared for trap encounter rate: there was no significant difference between them (P=0.32). When all the data from the lowlands are compared with all data from the highlands (dry season only), there were significantly more traps and hunter’s paths in the lowlands than in the highlands (P=0.005; P=0.019), reflecting the higher hunting pressure in the lowlands.
Large mammals assessment 4 Discussion Because this was the first long-term survey of large mammals in Takamanda Forest Reserve, no data exist to compare changes in encounter rates over time, except for gorillas in the 1950s (see Sunderland-Groves et al. this volume). However, we did examine previous work in the area to determine whether species that were once in Takamanda no longer occur. The surveys revealed that the Matene forest had both the lowest diversity and abundance of large mammals. Local hunters at Matene village reported that they now have to hunt in the Makone River area because there are so few large mammals remaining in their own forests. The Makone area was found to have the greatest hunting pressure, which may be indicative of the recent migration of Matene (and other) hunters to Makone. Species that are currently very scarce in the area include elephant, buffalo, water chevrotain, and yellowbacked duiker. Elephants and buffalo were reported by Thomas to be “common” in the center of the Reserve during the 1987 survey, but elephants were neither seen nor heard in 1998 and 1999. Local hunters claimed that elephants entered Takamanda forest during the wet season to feed on fruits such as bush mango Irvingia gabonensis, and that they returned to Nigeria where they were not subjected to the same hunting pressure as in Takamanda. Buffalo tracks and a single sighting were recorded in the lowlands. Water chevrotain and yellow-backed duiker sign was very rare throughout the surveys and was recorded only in the lowlands. Drill and crowned guenon were also rare. However, a more recent study (Groves 2002) observed drills in the Basho hills, Mone Forest Reserve, and parts of Mbulu forest, finding these animals to be more widespread than reported here. Comparing our findings with those of Sanderson (1940) and Struhsaker (1967), it appears that at least one species of large mammal has gone extinct during the last 30 years; we did not record grey-cheeked mangabey Cercocebus albigena, although they were noted by 117 Struhsaker. Local Takamanda hunters accurately described the color, size, and vocalization of this species and reported that a group remained in the Obonyi III area. The vernacular name for this species in Takamanda is gebilika. The vernacular name of kebilika in the adjacent forest area of Okwangwo in Nigeria is similar (Oates et al. 1990). However, C. albigena has not been recorded since 1967, and it is probably now locally extinct in both Okwangwo (Oates pers. comm) and in Takamanda. The red-capped mangabey Cercocebus torquatus was recorded by Thomas (1988) near Makone West, and a specimen was collected just outside the Reserve (near the village of Atolo) in 1933 (Sanderson 1940). But these are the only two reports of this primate species having existed in the area, and during this study, local hunters could not identify the species from a description of the animal, vocalizations, or a photograph. It appears that C. torquatus previously existed in the area, but was hunted out or that C. albigena was mistakenly identified as C. torquatus in earlier studies. The Sanderson collection includes two tantalus monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) sampled from around Mamfe. C. aethiops is mostly a grassland species, and it is possible that a few still remain in grassland sites north and east of Takamanda. Certainly, it still occurs in the grasslands of the Kilum-Ijim area, some 100 km due east of Takamanda (Maisels et al. 2001). During our 1998- 1999 survey, local people said that this primate did not occur within the Reserve. Leopard (Panthera pardus) and the giant pangolin (Smutsia gigantea) were reported by local hunters in Takamanda during this study. Neither species was collected by Sanderson (1940), recorded by Thomas (1988), or observed during this study. Occasional reports of leopard sightings were received, along with stories of leopard skins traded across the border with Nigeria in previous years. Pangolins are a very popular bushmeat in Africa, and although smaller sized pangolins were observed several times in villages, it was widely reported that giant pangolins had been extirpated from the area. SI/MAB Series #8, 2003
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Smithsonian Institution SI/MAB Biod
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ii 10. Fisheries in the Southern Bo
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Mercy Abwe Dione Dept. of Biology,
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The Smithsonian Institution has lon
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The editors of this publication ext
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2 Sunderland-Groves et al. Figure 1
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4 Sunderland-Groves et al. Rainfall
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16 Comiskey and Dallmeier 5.4 Evalu
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18 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of a
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20 Sunderland et al. preliminary la
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22 Sunderland et al. avoided protru
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24 Sunderland et al. Table 2. Summa
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26 Sunderland et al. lowland forest
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28 Sunderland et al. impressive cat
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30 Sunderland et al. Herbaceous flo
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32 Sunderland et al. Table 3. Compa
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34 Sunderland et al. 5.5 Economic P
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36 Sunderland et al. Table 5. Summa
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38 Sunderland et al. monitoring pro
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40 Sunderland et al. Letouzey, R. 1
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42 Sunderland et al. Appendix 1. Pl
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44 Sunderland et al. Agelaea pentag
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46 Sunderland et al. Afzelia pachyl
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48 Sunderland et al. Rhabdophyllum
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50 Sunderland et al. Aningeria robu
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52 Sunderland et al. Nervilia sp. P
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54 Sunderland et al. g—2˜— @y
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56 O’Kah f22 y2@w—˜A g—22@IE
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58 O’Kah Table 3. Species found i
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60 O’Kah Table 6. Indicators of s
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62 O’Kah Larsen, T. B. 1997. Butt
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64 O’Kah Appendix 1 (cont.). Chec
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Page 86 and 87: 76 The sites which have been survey
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Gnetum spp. Piper guineensis Site T
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Resource Impacts of seasonality Ava
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Box. Large-scale exploitation of no
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176 Slayback (ridge or lowland). On
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178 Slayback Table 2: Areas of outp
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180 Takamanda: the Biodiversity of
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182 Sunderland-Groves et al. Mone F
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